LC-MS/MS测定Beagle犬血浆中依托咪酯浓度及其在生物等效性评价中的应用

目的：建立液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)分析方法测定Beagle犬血浆中依托咪酯的浓度,并考察2种依托咪酯中/长链脂肪乳注射液的生物等效性。方法：建立LC-MS/MS分析方法检测Beagle犬血浆中依托咪酯含量。12只Beagle犬采用双周期双交叉设计,静脉注射依托咪酯中/长链脂肪乳注射液0.52 mg·kg^–1,检测血浆中依托咪酯的含量,计算药动学参数。结果：Beagle犬血浆中的线性范围为1～200 ng·mL^–1。低中高浓度提取回收率分别为97.4%、100.3%和97.1%,批间/批内精密度和准确度偏差范围在–5.2%～6.1%,变异系数6.5%,均满足分析检测要求。受试制剂与参比制剂AUC_{0–10 h}分别为(171.0±27.1),(176.0±25.3)μg·h·L^–1,C_max分别为(398.0±59.5),(413.0±100.0)μg·L^–1,两者无统计学差异。结论：建立的LC-MS/MS测定方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于检测血浆中...     

达沙替尼与槲皮素在大鼠体内药动学相互作用特征

目的:探讨达沙替尼与槲皮素联用后在大鼠体内药动学相互作用特征。方法:将大鼠随机分为3组,分别灌胃给药达沙替尼3.5 mg·kg^-1、槲皮素35 mg·kg^-1、达沙替尼3.5 mg·kg^-1+槲皮素35 mg·kg^-1,连续给药14 d,于第15天给药后不同时间点眼眶采血,离心获取上层血浆。采用酶解法处理血浆样品,建立高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法同时检测血浆中的达沙替尼与槲皮素,描绘平均血药浓度-时间曲线,通过DAS 3.2.2软件对药动学参数进行分析。结果:达沙替尼单用与联用状态下主要药动学参数如下,AUC_0-t:(0.28±0.035),(0.49±0.051)μg·h·mL^-1;AUC_0-∞:(0.29±0.035),(0.51±0.047)μg·h·mL^-1;MRT_0-t:(7.74±0.31),(7.44±0.25) h; MRT_0-∞:(8...     

配伍对芒果苷在INS-1细胞药代动力学的影响及其在细胞内的分布

目的考察配伍黄柏对知母中芒果苷(mangiferin,MGF)在INS-1细胞药代动力学特征的影响,及芒果苷在正常和氧化损伤状态的INS-1细胞内的分布变化。方法以芒果苷单体、知母和知母-黄柏药对形式等剂量给药INS-1细胞,运用LC-MS/MS测定INS-1细胞中MGF的含量;设置正常组和模型组(140μmol·L^(-1 )H ₂O ₂处理INS-1细胞1 h),给药100μmol·L^(-1 ) MGF,分离线粒体、细胞核及胞质并检测其中的MGF。结果与单体给药相比,知母和药对给药后MGF在细胞内的浓度升高,药对组AUC_(0-t)明显高于单体组和知母组(P<0.01);INS-1细胞单次给药MGF 100μmol·L^(-1 )后,正常组MGF主要分布于细胞核,模型组MGF主要分布于胞质;与正常组相比,MGF在模型组的线粒体和胞质中C _max和AUC_(0-t)升高(P<0.01),细胞核中C _max和AUC_(0-t)明显降低(P<0.05)。结论配伍黄柏对知母有效成分芒果苷进入INS-1细胞具有促进作用;氧化损伤处理会改变MGF在INS-1细胞内的分布。     

金振口服液的2种成分在大鼠体内的药动学

目的:评估金振口服液单次和多次服用后药动学特征和吸收代谢差异。方法:运用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用(UPLC-TSQ-MS)技术,建立同时定量大鼠血浆中黄芩苷和汉黄芩苷的分析方法。将健康大鼠分别按3.228,6.456,12.912 g生药量·kg^-1单次灌胃(ig)和按6.456 g生药量·kg^-1多次ig金振口服液,测定不同时间血浆中待测成分含量,运用非房室模型计算药动学参数。结果:血浆样品中2种成分的线性关系良好(r>0.995),提取回收率和基质效应的RSD均<15%,批内、批间的精密度和准确度以及稳定性均符合生物样品分析要求。大鼠单次给药后,黄芩苷和汉黄芩苷的AUC_0-t均与剂量呈良好的正相关性,且不同剂量下t_1/2z和清除率(CL_z/F)无显著变化;与单次给药相比,多次给药后大鼠的吸收代谢过程基本相同、AUC_0-t和t_1/2z差异无统计学意义。结论:本研究建立了稳定可靠的黄芩苷和汉黄芩苷UPLC-TSQ...     

复方替米沙坦片中主成分的血药浓度测定及体内药动学特征

目的建立用于测定人血浆中复方替米沙坦片中两种成分替米沙坦和氢氯噻嗪的HPLC测定方法,并用于研究健康志愿者口服复方替米沙坦片的药动学特征。方法 12名健康志愿者口服试验片剂,于规定时间点取血,分别用高效液相-荧光法和高效液相-二级质谱联用测定人血浆中替米沙坦和氢氯噻嗪浓度。用梯形法计算AUC,以实测值计算t_max和ρ_max,采用药动学统计软件DAS2.0计算其他药动学参数。结果替米沙坦的线性范围为2.5～500μg·L^-1,r=0.999 9,方法回收率99.42%～108.69%,RSD均≤2.62%,最低检测浓度为1.25μg·L^-1;氢氯噻嗪的线性范围为1～200μg·L^-1（r=0.999 4）,方法回收率95.58%～112.15%,RSD均≤4.86%,最低检测浓度为0.5μg·L^-1。12名受试者口服复方替米沙坦后,替米沙坦的主要药动学参数为:AUC_0→t（1 800±859）μg·h·L^-1,AUC_0→∞（1 967±858）μg·h·L^-1,ρ_max（181±68）μg·L^-1,t_max（1.7±0.9）h,t_1/2（22.15±10.64）h。氢氯噻嗪的主要药动学参数为AUC_0→t（519±151）μg·h·L^-1,AUC_0→∞（542±149）μg·h·L^-1,ρ_max（72.3±25.1）μg·L^-1,t_max（2.3±0.9）h,t_1/2（7.44±2.50）h。结论建立的替米沙坦和氢氯噻嗪的HPLC测定方法灵敏、准确、专属,适合于复方制剂两成分的血药浓度测定。体内药动学研究表明该复方制剂两成分没有改变各自体内的药动学行为。     

注射用雷贝拉唑钠的人体药动学特征

目的研究注射用雷贝拉唑钠的人体药动学特征。方法 30名健康志愿者分成低（10 mg）、中（20 mg）、高（40 mg）3个剂量组,单次给药后采取8 h动态血样;中剂量组完成单次给药试验后即进入多次给药试验,采集动态血样。采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中雷贝拉唑的浓度,并采用DAS软件计算药动学参数。结果 30名受试者分别单次给低、中、高3个剂量后雷贝拉唑的主要药动学参数ρ_max分别为（699.89±198.89）、（1 274.82±272.99）和（2 572.00±640.57）μg·L^-1,t_max分别为（0.53±0.09）、（0.43±0.09）和（0.52±0.09）h,t_1/2分别为（1.34±0.47）、（0.97±0.29）和（1.43±0.39）h,AUC_0→8分别为（864.23±369.13）、（1 477.88±311.65）和（3 444.86±1 175.38）μg·h·L^-1,AUC_0→∞分别为（877.16±379.48）、（1 484.05±313.24）和（3 501.05±1 236.70）μg·h·L（¹）;中剂量组给药20 mg,连续7 d达稳态后的主要药动学参数ρ_max^ss为（1 299.50±290.20）μg·L^-1,t_max为（0.53±0.10）h,t_1/2为（0.89±0.29）h,AUC_0→8^ss为（1 447.08±421.03）μg·h·L^-1,AUC_0→∞^ss为（1 454.19±420.65）μg·h·L^-1,波动度DF为（22.58±5.50）%。结论在给药剂量10～40 mg内,注射用雷贝拉唑钠在健康志愿者体内呈现线性药动学特征。     

辐状肋柱花2种主要活性成分在大鼠血浆中的药代动力学研究

目的 探究大鼠灌胃辐状肋柱花后体内当药黄素和1,3,5,8-四羟基-5,6,7,8-4H-口山酮的药代动力学(PK)特征。方法 将SD大鼠随机分为高、中、低剂量组，分别灌胃0.60、0.30和0.15 g·kg^-1的辐状肋柱花L-50浸膏粉的蒸馏水溶混悬液，于给药后不同时间点眼底静脉丛取血，用高效液相质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)测定大鼠血浆中当药黄素和1,3,5,8-四羟基-5,6,7,8-4H-口山酮的血药浓度，计算PK参数。结果 低、中、高剂量组中当药黄素的主要PK参数：C_max分别为(57.31±4.12)、(134.81±25.73)和(183.43±28.38)ng·mL^-1;AUC_0-t分别为(209.12±15.07)、(3 051.51±232.73)和(2 544.67±341.10)μg·L^-1·h;t_1/2 分别为(1.42±0.11)、(11.57±1.52)和(12.96±4.63)h。中、高剂量组与低剂量组比较，AUC_...     

克洛己新分散片在中国健康成人的生物等效性研究

目的 评价克洛己新分散片和克洛己新片在中国健康成年人体内的药代动力学与相对生物利用度。方法 用单中心、随机、开放、两周期、交叉的试验研究设计。24例健康受试者随机交叉单次口服受试制剂和参比制剂516 mg,用HPLC-UV法测定头孢克洛的血药浓度,用LC-MS/MS法测定溴己新的血药浓度,用WinNonlin 6.1软件计算药代动力学参数。结果 受试者服用受试制剂和参比制剂后,血浆中头孢克洛受试制剂和参比制剂的C_max分别为（13.00±3.72）和（11.15±3.62）μg·mL^-1,t_max分别为（0.87±0.53）和（1.08±0.80）h, AUC_0-t分别为（17.05±2.76）和（16.85±2.87）μg·mL^-1·h, AUC_0-∞分别为（17.32±2.78）和（17.02±2.86）μg·mL^-1·h; AUC_0-t和AUC_0-∞的90%置信区间（CI）分别为96....     

富马酸西他沙星注射液在中国志愿者体内的耐受性与药动学

目的:评价富马酸西他沙星注射液在中国健康志愿者体内的耐受性和药动学。方法:共入组40例志愿者,男女各20例,分别进行富马酸西他沙星注射液400和500 mg单次给药及300 mg(qd)和400 mg(qd)多次给药研究。试验期间观察药品的不良反应,并监测生命体征、实验室检查等数据的变化,评估药物的耐受性和安全性。采用HPLC-MS/MS法测定西他沙星的血药浓度,计算其主要药动学参数并进行统计学分析。结果:试验期间未发生严重不良事件。多次给药后西他沙星主要药动学参数：300 mg(qd)组多次给药d 1时C_max,AUC_0-t,AUC_0-∞分别为(2 913.00±436.63)μg·L^-1,(18 368.93±4 141.28) h·μg·L^-1及(19 662.17±4 820.31) h·μg·L^-1,d 7时C_max,AUC_0-t,AUC_0-∞分别为(3 080.00±695.11...     

甘草对阿普唑仑在大鼠体内药动学特征的影响

目的研究甘草对阿普唑仑在大鼠体内药动学特征的影响。方法将14只SD大鼠随机分为对照组与实验组,分别予生理盐水和甘草提取物(0.5 g·kg^-1,qd×7d),灌胃给予阿普唑仑20 mg·kg^-1后按时间点连续采样,采用HPLC法测定血药浓度。采用DAS 2.0软件计算并比较主要药动学参数。结果对照组和实验组中阿普唑仑的主要药动学参数:ρ_max分别为（1 015.24±706.67）、（1170.81±682.69）μg·L（¹）,t_max分别为（0.52±0.18）、（0.52±0.18）h,t_1/2分别为（3.57±0.91）、（3.21±0.61）h,AUC_0→12h分别为（1 067.03±482.19）、（1 283.76±504.07）μg.h·L^-1,AUC_0→∞分别为（1 081.17±478.07）、（1 299.04±501.17）μg·h·L^-1MRT分别为（1.77±0.75）、（1.78±0.64）h。各参数在两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论甘草连续给药7 d后不影响阿普唑仑在大鼠体内的药动学特征。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.