手机辐射致人成纤维细胞和大鼠颗粒层细胞DNA链断裂的体外实验

背景和目的：随着手机用户日益增多，环境中的射频电磁场辐射范围和强度不断增大，其潜在的健康效应引起了人们的担忧。本研究探讨手机射频电磁场对细胞DNA损伤的影响。方法：人二倍体成纤维细胞和鼠颗粒层细胞暴露于比吸收率分别为1．2W／kg和2．0W／kg的1800MHz手机射频电磁场4、16和24h，采用非调制连续性、非调制间歇性5min开／10min关、217Hz脉冲调制间歇性5min开／10min关和通话调制连续性4种辐照方式，用碱性和中性彗星试验方法检测DNA单链和双链断裂，比较不同辐照方式的射频电磁场对两种细胞DNA损伤的效应。     

二甲基甲酰胺致人肝细胞DNA的损伤效应

目的 探讨不同染毒剂量二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)在不同染毒时间下对人正常离体肝细胞DNA损伤的影响.方法 肝细胞染毒分别以PBS阴性对照组、1.56、6.25、25.00、100.00 mmol/L的DMF和100μmol/L的H2O2,染毒时间为0.5、3.0、6.0、12.0和24.0 h,用γH2AX免疫荧光法观察肝细胞DNA的损伤情况.结果 不同剂量的DMF和H2O2诱导形成γH2AX焦点的细胞数量多于PBS阴性组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),并且随着DMF染毒剂量的增加,形成γH2AX焦点细胞数有增多趋势;在不同染毒时间处理后,γH2AX焦点细胞数的形成除3.0 h组和0.5 h组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),余处理时间组与0.5 h比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),并且形成γH2AX焦点细胞数有减少趋势.结论 不同剂量DMF可引起DNA的损伤,并且损伤程度与剂量呈正相关,与染毒时间呈负相关,γH2AX可作为检测细胞DNA损伤程度的良好指标.     

应用γH_2AX检测甲醛致DNA损伤的研究

目的探讨磷酸化的H2AX(即γH2AX)能否灵敏、快速、简便的检测甲醛致DNA损伤。方法用甲醛处理中国仓鼠肺细胞株(V79)肺细胞,应用免疫荧光实验检测γH2AX焦点的形成,并通过单细胞凝胶实验验证DNA损伤程度。结果20μmol/L甲醛处理V79细胞10 min即可诱导γH2AX焦点形成增加,但2 h时才出现彗尾增长。1μmol/L甲醛处理细胞8 h时,γH2AX平均焦点数及焦点细胞率与对照组相比明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但此浓度在所有时间段都不能导致彗尾增长。结论γH2AX可在早期监测甲醛对DNA的损伤,并能检测到低浓度的甲醛致DNA损伤,因此,其敏感性优于单细胞凝胶实验。     

二氧化硅对成纤维细胞和肺上皮细胞的DNA损伤作用

目的研究小剂量二氧化硅(SiO2)粉尘对中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞(CHL)和貂肺上皮细胞(CCL-64)的DNA损伤作用.方法采用彗星试验,按SiO2粉尘不同的作用浓度(终浓度0、7.5、15、30、60、120 mg/L)和时间分组(1 h、2 h)来观察DNA损伤.以彗星尾长(彗头末端到彗尾末端的长度)作为DNA损伤程度的评价指标.结果与对照组相比,SiO2明显增加了CHL及CCL-64细胞的DNA迁移距离(P＜0.01),在7.5～120 mg/L的剂量范围内,彗星尾长随作用剂量的增加而增加;一般2 h组比1 h组引起更严重的DNA损伤.结论小剂量SiO2粉尘确有遗传毒性,体外试验可致CHL细胞和CCL-64细胞DNA链断裂.由彗星试验的系列浓度SiO2引起两种细胞DNA链断裂的效应相似.     

放射卫生

1800MHz射频电磁场对中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞DNA损伤的影响,1800MHz射频电磁场对人乳腺癌细胞蛋白质表达的影响，射频电磁场对人乳腺癌细胞基因表达的影响，移动电话微波辐射对二甲基苯蒽诱发大鼠乳腺癌的影响，     

DNA-PKcs在石英诱导的DNA双链断裂修复中的作用

目的 探讨DNA依赖性蛋白激酶催化亚单位(DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit,DNA-PKcs)在石英致人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF)DNA双链断裂修复中的作用.方法 脂质体转染法建立DNA-PKcs的小干扰RNA(siRNA)及其阴性对照重组质粒稳定转染HELF系(简称HELF-PKcs和HELF-NC).3种方式分组及对细胞的处理:(1)25、50、100、200、300、400μg/ml浓度的石英刺激HELF 12 h;(2)200μg/ml的石英刺激HELF 0、1、2、6、12、24 h;(3)200μg/ml的石英刺激HELF-PKcs和HELF-NC 0、12、24 h.用免疫印迹法检测DNA-PKcs表达、磷酸化H2AX(H2AX)的水平.用Image-Pro plus6.0软件对条带光强度进行半定量分析;用中性彗星实验(彗尾DNA百分含量值)判断石英诱导的DNA舣链断裂损伤强度.结果 不同浓度的石英刺激HELF 12 h,γH2AX水平及彗尾DNA百分含量随着石英浓度的增加逐渐升高.200 μg/ml的石英刺激HELF6 h时,彗尾DNA百分含量[(38.7±6.9)%]与对照组相比明显增加,并且在12h达峰值,24h相对12h时点明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).在抑制DNA-PKcs的表达的细胞,12 h时,石英刺激的HELF-PKcs的石英诱导的γH2AX水平增加受抑制,彗尾DNA百分含量为(43.09±3.68)%,与石英刺激的HELF-NC相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);24 h时,石英刺激的HELF-PKcs的石英诱导的γH2AX水平与石英刺激的HELF-NC相比无明显筹异,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).石英刺激的HELF-PKcs的彗尾DNA百分含量(35.79±4.26)%]明显高于石英刺激的HELF-NC,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 石英可诱导DNA双链断裂损伤,DNA-PKcs是石英诱导的DNA双链断裂损伤的感受器,通过磷酸化H2AX,促进石英诱导的DNA双链断裂损伤的修复.     

铅致人淋巴细胞DNA双链断裂作用的人群调查和体外试验

目的 用γH2AX识别抗体流式细胞术研究铅暴露致人体外周血淋巴细胞DNA双链断裂(DSBs)作用.方法 选取某蓄电池厂工人36人为铅接触组,其中高浓度组15人,低浓度组21人;同时选择厂外无职业性铅接触70人为对照组,取外周静脉血提取淋巴细胞,利用流式细胞术检测γH2AX,分析淋巴细胞中DNA DSBs水平;不同剂量、时间下醋酸铅染毒健康人外周血淋巴细胞,利用流式细胞术检测γH2AX,分析淋巴细胞中DNA DSBs水平.结果 高浓度铅接触组DNA损伤率和平均荧光强度分别为41.76％±28.57％、9.90±3.35,低浓度铅接触组分别为33.18％±30.64％、9.39±4.83,均高于对照组(分别为0.28％±0.28％、6.95±2.93),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).体外试验结果显示,染毒1和2h时,除62.5 μmol/L外,125.0、250.0、500.0 μmol/L醋酸铅染毒组DNA损伤率与阴性对照组的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).随着染毒剂量的增高,DNA损伤率呈现先增高后降低的趋势.结论 铅可致人淋巴细胞DNA DSBs,流式细胞术检测γH2AX是一种值得运用于检测大样本DNA DSBs水平的方法.     

辐射对沉默ATRX的H460细胞增殖以及DNA损伤修复的影响

目的 探讨辐射对沉默ATRX的肺癌H460细胞增殖和DNA损伤修复的影响及二者的关系。方法 靶向ATRX的3个慢病毒载体转染293T细胞后,慢病毒感染H460细胞,获得ATRX低/无表达的细胞株shATRX1-H460、shATRX2-H460和shATRX3-H460,并以shControl-H460作为对照,利用Western blot检测沉默效率。分别以克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖,免疫荧光技术检测γH2AX和Rad51焦点数,同时以Western blot检测PARP1、γH2AX和Rad51蛋白的表达。结果 shControl-H460细胞中可见ATRX表达,而shATRX1-H460、shATRX2-H460和shATRX3-H460细胞中ATRX表达均出现不同程度的降低。克隆形成实验显示,shATRX2-H460和shATRX3-H460细胞的存活分数（survival fraction,SF）均较shControl-H460细胞降低。shControl-H460和shATRX3-H460细胞经4 Gy照射后1 h,γH2AX焦点最多,而3 h时Rad51焦点最多,而后均降低,与shControl-H460细胞比较,在1和6 h时shATRX3-H460细胞γH2AX焦点,以及1、3和6 h时Rad51焦点显著增加（P<0.05,P<0.001）。而且shATRX3-H460细胞中PARP1、γH2AX和Rad51蛋白在3和6 h时均较shControl-H460细胞表达增加。结论 成功地获得靶向沉默ATRX的细胞模型,辐射后细胞增殖能力降低,可能与DNA损伤修复能力降低有关。     

甲醛对CHL细胞DNA和RNA合成影响的体外实验研究

目的　研究甲醛对中国仓鼠肺细胞 (CHL细胞 )DNA和RNA的损伤作用 ,探讨甲醛遗传毒性的分子机制。方法　CHL细胞分别暴露于浓度为 75 ,15 0 ,30 0 ,6 0 0 μmol/L的甲醛中 1,2 ,4h ,采用3 H-胸腺嘧啶 (3 H TdR)、　14 C -尿嘧啶 (14 C UR)掺入技术 ,检测甲醛对CHL细胞的DNA和RNA合成的影响。结果　所有 4个浓度组甲醛均明显影响CHL细胞DNA和RNA的合成 ,3 H TdR和14 C UR掺入计数dpm值显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,并有明显的剂量 -反应关系 (P <0 0 1)。CHL细胞暴露在甲醛中 4h ,各浓度组3 H TdR和14 C UR掺入dpm值显著低于暴露于 1h和 2h的各浓度组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　甲醛可以影响CHL细胞DNA和RNA合成 ,这对进一步研究甲醛遗传毒性的分子机制有重要意义。     

磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶在石英诱导的DNA双链断裂修复中的作用

目的 探讨磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase,PI3K)在石英致人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF)DNA双链断裂修复中的作用.方法 用200μg/ml的石英刺激HELF和用显性失活突变体抑制P13K功能的HELF(DN-Δp85)不同时间.免疫印迹法检测磷酸化H2AX(γH2AX)的水平以及DNA依赖性蛋白激酶(DNA-dependent protein kinase,DNA-PK)的组成成分Ku70、Ku8和DNA-PKcs的蛋白水平,并用Image-Pro plus 6.0软件对条带光强度进行半定量分析.中性彗星试验检测DNA双链断裂损伤,用彗尾DNA百分含量值观察DNA双链断裂损伤程度变化,并计算DNA修复能力.结果 γH2AX的水平在石英刺激3 h明显增高,12 h达峰值,24 h下降.与HELF相比,石英诱导的DN-Δp85细胞γH2AX水平增高受到抑制.石英刺激HELF和DN-ΔP85细胞12 h组Ku70、Ku80和DNA-PKcs的蛋白水平(0.58±0.09、0.95±0.21、0.55±0.06,0.37±0.14、0.55±0.17、0.52±0.07)均高于相应的无石英刺激组(0.26±0.10、0.69±0.26、0.43±0.11,0.11±0.07、0.27±0.14、0.39±0.07),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).与石英刺激HELF 12 h组比较,石英刺激DN-ΔP85 12 h组的Ku70、Ku80蛋白水平增高受到抑制,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).石英刺激的HELF12 h组和DN-Δp85 12h组的彗尾DNA百分含量分别为9.78±1.15和11.79±4.90,明显高于同细胞系的无石英刺激组(2.40±0.69,3.31±1.35),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与石英刺激HELF 12 h组相比,石英刺激HELF细胞24 h组彗尾DNA百分含量明显降低(4.19±0.47),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).石英刺激DN-Δp85 24 h组的彗尾DNA百分含量为(7.58±4.32),明显高于无石英刺激DN-Δp85组和石英刺激HELF 24 h组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).HELF的DNA修复能力为75.74%,DN-Δp85的DNA修复能力为49.64%.结论 石英可诱导DNA双链断裂损伤,PI3K与DNA损伤修复有关,通过调节Ku70和Ku80的水平,可促进石英诱导的DNA双链断裂损伤的修复.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.