膳食胡萝卜素摄入量与皮肤类胡萝卜素水平的关系

[目的]探讨人群中膳食胡萝卜素摄入量与皮肤类胡萝卜素水平的关系。[方法]选取上海某社区110名健康成年人作为研究对象,分别运用共振拉曼散射光谱法测定研究人群皮肤类胡萝卜素,观察皮肤类胡萝卜素水平,同时进行体格检查和膳食营养调查。[结果]①膳食胡萝卜素摄入量无性别差异;皮肤类胡萝卜素女性高于男性,差别有统计学意义(P<0．001)。②膳食中的胡萝卜素摄入量与皮肤类胡萝卜素水平呈正相关,控制年龄、性别和体质指数(BMI)后这种相关性仍然存在(P<0．05)。③多元回归分析显示男性皮肤类胡萝卜素水平受膳食纤维摄入量的影响(P<0．001);女性还受膳食中的维生素C、脂肪、能量等摄入量的影响(P<0．05)。[结论]食物中胡萝卜素、膳食纤维、脂肪、维生素C摄入量与皮肤类胡萝卜素水平有一定的关联。     

成人膳食中类胡萝卜素摄入量与血脂关系

目的研究成人膳食中类胡萝卜素的摄入状况与血脂的关系。方法采用问卷调查法,调查130名35～60岁人群连续3 d的膳食情况,根据膳食摄入情况计算5种类胡萝卜素（包括α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素、β-隐黄质、番茄红素、叶黄素/玉米黄质）每日摄入量,将调查人群按类胡萝卜素摄入量四分位间距分组,观察类萝卜素的摄入量与血脂的关系。结果第1组人群血清甘油三酯水平明显低于第4组人群,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。相关分析结果表明,类胡萝卜素的摄入量与血清中甘油三酯含量呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。结论结果提示成人膳食类胡萝卜素的摄入与甘油三酯水平具有相关性,摄入类胡萝卜素可能对血脂有一定程度的保护作用。     

农村青少年维生素A、β－胡萝卜素的补充实验研究

本文对８２名１２一１５岁、体重３５一４５公斤的农村初中学生进行了ＶｉｔＡ、β一胡萝卜素的补充实验研究。实验组１（ｎ＝２１）每天补充２ｍｇβ一胡萝卜素，实验组２（ｎ＝１９）每天补充６ｍｇβ一胡萝卜素，实验组３（ｎ＝２４）每天补充４００ｕｇＲＥＶｉｔＡ，分别在实验初始，第四周末，第六周末和第八周末抽血测定。在实验的第七周，将两补胡萝卜素改为补ＶｉｔＡ１２００ｕｇＲＥ，补ＶｉｔＡ组改补６ｍｇβ一胡萝卜素。对照组（ｎ＝１８）给予安慰剂。结果显示：每天摄入ＲＤＡ剂量和２倍ＲＤＡ剂量的β－胡萝卜素，对于提高机体ＶｉｔＡ、β－胡萝卜素水平的效果是相同的，而直接补充ＶｉｔＡ，机体ＶｉｔＡ、β一胡萝卜素水平略高于补胡萝卜素组。本研究探讨了我国青少年确实的营养状况，也提示ＶｉｔＡ在ＶｉｔＡ营养中具有胡萝卜素不可替代的作用。     

利用回归分析估算膳食类胡萝卜素摄入量

[目的]评价利用美国类胡萝卜素成分数据估算中国膳食类胡萝卜素摄入量的可行性.[方法]采用双饭份法和称质量记录法,在夏、秋、冬、春4个季节,调查不同社区184名30～60岁居民连续3 d膳食,利用美国的食物成分数据建立β-胡萝卜素、α-胡萝卜素、β-隐黄质、番茄红素、叶黄素/玉米黄质5种类胡萝卜素的食物成分表,计算5种类胡萝卜素每日摄入量.同时,采用HPLC测定膳食样品中类胡萝卜素的含量,并对两种结果进行回归分析.[结果]利用美国类胡萝卜素成分数据计算获得的中国居民膳食类胡萝卜素摄入量同HPLC测定膳食样品中类胡萝卜素的含量结果间存在直线回归关系,直线回归方程分别为:β-胡萝卜素y=824.854+0.741x,α-胡萝卜素y=0.391+0.998x,β-隐黄质y=20.515+0.971x.,番茄红素y=64.964+0.984x,叶黄素/玉米黄质y=36.408+0.967x,回归系数有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]在尚未建立中国食物类胡萝卜素成分数据的情况下,可以利用美国食物成分数据估算中国居民膳食类胡萝卜素摄入量.     

兰州市西固区333例孕中期妇女膳食调查

[目的]了解孕中期妇女膳食摄入情况,并提出合理建议,以利于胎儿生长发育。[方法]以甘肃省兰州市西固区333名孕中期妇女为调查对象,应用中国膳食平衡指数(DBI)对样本的膳食摄入质量进行评价。[结果]该样本人群膳食总体摄入不足,年龄对膳食质量无影响,影响该人群膳食质量的食物种类主要是谷类﹑奶类豆类﹑蔬菜水果和动物性食物。[结论]样本人群膳食结构不合理,应调整不平衡膳食结构,加强孕期营养知识教育。     

学龄儿童膳食维生素A、C、E摄入量对其体内抗氧化能力的影响

[目的]了解学龄儿童维生素A、C、E的摄入情况和体内抗氧化水平,分析维生素A、C、E摄入量对机体抗氧化能力的影响。[方法]选取唐山市两所小学6～12岁健康儿童191名,采用5d称重记录法和食物摄取频率法相结合的方式进行膳食调查,检测血清抗氧化指标的水平。[结果]学龄儿童维生素A、C摄入偏低,不足率分别为46.6%和13.1%,血清VitA、VitC、VitE、β-胡萝卜素、SOD、GSH-Px、MDA不正常的比例分别为17.8%、13.6%、11.5%、13.6%、12.6%、12.0%、9.9%。膳食类胡萝卜素摄入量对血清VitA、β-Car和MDA有影响,维生素A对血清VitA和MDA有影响,维生素C对血清VitC、GSH-Px和MDA有影响,维生素E对血清VitE、SOD和MDA有影响。[结论]根据体内的抗氧化状况,补充相应的维生素,才能有效地提高儿童的抗氧化水平。     

农村青少年维生素A,β—胡萝卜素的补充实验研究

本文对８２名１２－１５岁、体重３５－４５公斤的农村初中一无是处地ＶｉｔＡ、β－胡萝卜素的补充实验研究，实验组１（ｎ＝２）每天补充２ｍｇβ－胡萝卜素，实验组２（ｎ＝１９）每天补充６ｍｇβ－胡萝卜素，实验组３（ｎ＝２４）每天补充４００ｕｇＲＥＶｉｔＡ，分别在实验初始，第四周末，第四周第六周末和第八周抽血测定。在实验的第七周，将两补胡萝卜素改变为补ＶｉｔＡ１２００ｕｇＲＥ，补ＶｉｔＡ组改补６ｍｇβ－胡萝     

应用膳食质量快速评价表评价样本人群膳食质量

[目的]为了有针对性地开展中国居民膳食指南宣传工作,应用以中国膳食平衡指数法为基础的膳食质量快速表对样本人群的食物摄入状况进行快速评价。[方法]采用方便抽样原则,对5省市10个项目点的414名研究对象进行调查和评价。采用1d24h回顾结合1d食物记录得到研究对象2d的食物摄入情况,应用膳食质量快速评价表进行快速评价。[结果]样本人群中蔬菜水果、奶类豆类摄入不足,谷类和动物性食物既有摄入不足也有摄入过量,食盐和食用油摄入过量;食物摄入不足程度农村点高于城市点;摄入过量程度男性高于女性。[结论]膳食质量快速评价表是中国膳食平衡指数的表格化,其设计直观、简洁,使用快速、方便,既可用于营养工作人员进行现场快速评价,也可作为大众平时进行自我监测的工具。     

钙摄入量对骨密度影响的研究

[目的 ]　探讨膳食营养与骨质疏松的关系。 [方法 ]　应用膳食营养调查方法调查某厂女工的膳食营养情况 ,并在 40岁以上 3个年龄组女工中分成平时注意补钙和不注意补钙的 2组人群 ,分别对这 2组人群的钙摄入量和骨密度进行比较。 [结果 ]　各年龄组女工的钙摄入量不足 ;40岁以上各年龄组女工中 ,平时注意补充钙摄入的女工每日钙的摄入量均高于未注意补充钙组 ,骨密度也高于未补充钙组。 [结论 ]　膳食钙摄入不足 ,易致骨密度下降。骨质疏松与低钙饮食有关。     

高尿酸合并糖或脂代谢异常人群膳食与运动状况的调查分析

[目的]调查分析高尿酸并糖脂异常人群的膳食摄入及运动情况,为今后该人群的营养健康教育提供依据。[方法]膳食营养与运动状况调查,并对相关指标进行评价。[结果]该次调查人群的能量摄入基本合理,膳食结构尚需调整。脂肪供能比偏高(30.09%)。步行、家务是人们的最主要的运动方式,各年龄组都几乎没有重度体力活动,在﹤60岁组中,轻、中度体力活动量有显著差异(P﹤0.05)。[结论]调查对象的膳食结构有待改善,应加强高尿酸并糖脂异常人群的营养健康教育宣传工作,指导人群更合理的膳食摄入及更多的运动锻炼。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.