肌内效贴结合足下垂助行仪治疗脑卒中偏瘫患者足下垂步态的临床观察

目的:观察肌内效贴结合足下垂助行仪对脑卒中偏瘫患者足下垂步态的影响,以探索纠正偏瘫足下垂步态的科学方法。方法:60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为实验组和对照组各30例。2组患者均接受常规康复训练,在此基础上,对照组接受常规步行训练,实验组接受肌内效贴结合足下垂助行仪辅助步行训练,以上治疗均每次30 min,每周5次,连续4周。用Gait Watch三维步态分析系统分析2组患者治疗前后步速、左右步长差,用Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评定量表(FMA)、步行功能分级(FAC)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)评价2组患者治疗前后下肢运动功能、步行功能和日常生活能力,比较2组疗效。结果:治疗4周后,2组步速、左右步长差及下肢FMA积分、FAC分级、MBI评分均较治疗前明显改善(P0.05),并且治疗后实验组较对照组明显改善(P0.01)。结论:肌内效贴结合足下垂助行仪能明显改善脑卒中偏瘫患者足下垂步态,治疗依从性好。     

虚拟现实与同步减重训练对脑卒中患者步态影响的对照研究

目的:评估虚拟现实与同步减重步态训练(VR+BWSTT)对脑卒中患者步态的影响。方法:将12例发病3个月内的脑卒中患者随机分配至实验组(VR+BWSTT)和常规组(常规物理治疗)各6例,另6例正常人作为正常组。训练前后以三维步态分析对以下参数进行对比:步行速度、步长不对称性、单腿支撑时间不对称性、髋关节最大后伸角度、髋关节最大屈曲角度、膝关节最大屈曲角度、支撑相膝关节最大伸展角度、支撑相踝关节最大背伸角度。结果:训练前两组脑卒中患者的性别、年龄、病程、脑卒中性质、偏瘫侧、患侧下肢肌力、肌张力、步行速度、步长不对称性、单腿支撑时间不对称性及患侧下肢各关节角度差异无显著性。脑卒中患者步行速度、髋关节最大后伸角度、膝关节最大屈曲角度低于正常组,步长不对称性、单腿支撑时间不对称性高于正常组(P<0.05)。训练后两组患者的步行速度、单腿支撑时间不对称性均有改善,实验组的步长不对称性、髋关节最大后伸角度有改善(P<0.05)。结论:VR与同步BWSTT可改善亚急性期脑卒中患者的步态,在改善脑卒中的步长不对称性、髋关节最大后伸角度方面较常规物理治疗有优势。     

功能性电刺激对偏瘫患者下肢功能及步态的影响

目的:观察功能性电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及步态的影响。方法:60例脑卒中偏瘫患者分成观察组和对照组,每组30例。对照组采用常规康复训练方法,观察组在此基础上增加佩戴步态诱发功能电刺激仪的步态训练,每次20min,每周5次,持续8周。于治疗前后采用下肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)、功能性步行能力分级(FAC)及足印分析法对2组患者进行评定。结果:治疗8周后,2组患者下肢FMA评分、FAC分级及患侧的平均步长、步宽及步速均较治疗前显著提高(P<0.05),且观察组更高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:使用功能性电刺激进行步态训练后可进一步改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的下肢运动功能,提高步行能力。     

虚拟现实技术结合活动平板训练对脑卒中患者步行功能的影响

目的:观察虚拟现实技术结合活动平板训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能的影响。方法:脑卒中偏瘫患者80例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各40例。2组均接受常规康复训练,治疗组在此基础上进行虚拟现实技术结合活动平板训练,对照组则进行常规步行训练,2组每天每次治疗30 min,连续治疗4周。于治疗前及治疗4周后采用三维步态参数(左右步长差、步速)、功能性步行分级(FAC)、下肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)和改良Barthel指数(MBI)进行评定。结果:治疗后,治疗组左右步长差、步速、FAC分级、下肢FMA评分及MBI均较治疗前有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且治疗组与对照组比较,评分优于对照组,有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论:虚拟现实技术结合活动平板训练能明显改善脑卒中偏瘫步行功能,且依从性好。     

减重步行训练改善脑卒中患者小腿肌肉形态结构的生物力学研究

摘要 目的：观察减重步行训练(BWSTT)后脑卒中患者小腿肌肉形态结构及运动功能的改变,从肌肉层次探讨BWSTT对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能影响的生物力学机制。 方法：将15例亚急性期脑卒中患者随机分为实验组(8例)和对照组(7例),实验组进行BWSTT加常规的物理治疗,对照组仅进行常规的物理治疗,并保证两组训练量相等。连续训练3周,每周5天,每天1次,每次60min。两组患者健侧、患侧在训练前后均进行以下评定：①用B型超声检测不同踝关节角度下胫骨前肌（TA）、腓肠肌内侧头（MG）的形态结构参数,包括羽状角、肌肉厚度及肌纤维长度;②用便携式肌力与关节活动测试仪测量踝关节的肌力和活动度;③下肢采用Fugl-Meyer量表(FMA)评分;④下肢采用改良Ashworth痉挛量表(MAS)评分。 结果：训练后,实验组患侧TA的羽状角、肌肉厚度和MG的肌纤维长度均显著增加（P<0.05）,而对照组小腿肌肉参数在训练前后的差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05);训练后实验组患侧的踝关节肌力显著增加(P<0.05),而对照组踝关节肌力在训练前后的差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);训练后实验组下肢FMA评分显著提高(P<0.05),下肢MAS评分显著降低(P<0.05),而对照组下肢FMA评分和MAS评分在训练前后的差异均无显著性意义。 结论：BWSTT较传统的步态训练方法更能有效改善脑卒中患者下肢FMA评分和MAS评分及踝关节肌力,通过改变患者肌肉肌腱的形态结构可改善患者的运动功能。     

放散式体外冲击波对脑卒中患者下肢痉挛及三维步态参数的效果研究

摘要 目的：观察放散式体外冲击波对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢痉挛,步态时空、对称性参数以及运动学参数的影响。 方法：选取40例符合入选标准的脑卒中偏瘫患者,将其随机分为试验组及对照组,每组20例。试验组进行常规康复治疗和患侧下肢放散式体外冲击波治疗（每周2次）,连续3周,对照组进行常规治疗和安慰性冲击波治疗。分别于治疗前、第三周全部治疗结束后使用三维步态分析仪器检测并获得两组患者的步态参数。同时比较两组患者治疗前后腘绳肌、股四头肌、小腿三头肌改良Ashworth分级（MAS）评分,以及患侧下肢的Fugl-Meyer（FMA）评分。 结果：在第三周治疗结束后,两组患者步频、步幅、步速、患侧摆动相和健侧摆动相、踝关节最大背屈角度、踝关节最大跖屈角度均较治疗前明显提高（P<0.05）,步态周期、双支撑相、患侧支撑相、健侧支撑相、步长偏差、患侧健侧摆动相比值均较治疗前明显减小（P<0.05）。组间对比显示,治疗后试验组患者步幅、步频、步速、步态周期、步长偏差、踝关节最大背屈角度、踝关节最大跖屈角度均优于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后试验组腘绳肌、股四头肌、小腿三头肌MAS评分及患侧下肢FMA评分均较治疗前改善(P<0.05),并优于对照组(P<0.01,P<0.05)。 结论：放散式体外冲击波能有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步态时空、运动学、对称性参数,提高脑卒中偏瘫患者的步行功能和步态的对称性。同时可以降低患侧下肢的痉挛,提高下肢运动功能。     

减重步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响

目的观察减重步行训练(BWSTT)对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响。方法脑卒中偏瘫患者46例,分成治疗组23例及对照组23例,两组患者均给予常规康复训练,治疗组在此基础上增加BWSTT训练。分别于治疗前后进行功能性步行量表(FAC)、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)评定。结果治疗前两组患者FAC、FMA、BBS评分均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组患者FAC、FMA、BBS评分均比治疗前明显提高(P<0.01)。治疗组患者FAC、FMA、BBS评分的改善明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。结论BWSTT训练能改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能及平衡能力。     

功能性电刺激同步节奏性听觉刺激对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的:探讨功能性电刺激同步节奏性听觉刺激对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能的影响。方法:将符合纳入标准的脑卒中偏瘫患者40例,随机分为对照组和试验组各20例,两组患者均予常规康复治疗。对照组予以功能性电刺激行步行训练,试验组则予以功能性电刺激同步节奏性听觉刺激行步行训练。分别于治疗前、训练2周后及训练4周后用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表中的下肢部分(FMA)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、威斯康辛步态量表(WGS)及P-WALK平板压力测试系统进行评定。结果:治疗2周后两组患者下肢FMA、BBS、WGS评分、步速、步长差、患侧负重比较治疗前改善(P0.05),治疗后组间比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05);治疗4周后两组患者下肢FMA、BBS、WGS评分、步速、步长差、患侧负重比均较治疗前显著改善(P0.05),治疗后组间比较,试验组各项评定改善程度较对照组明显(P0.05),且两组各项评定4周治疗前后变化率具有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:功能性电刺激同步节奏性听觉刺激可明显改善脑卒中患者下肢运动功能。     

脑卒中患者步行能力与下肢三维运动学及动力学相关性分析

目的:通过对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢三维运动学和动力学的分析,寻找偏瘫患者步态特点,比较分析步行能力与运动学和动力学之间的关系,从运动力学角度探讨偏瘫患者异常步行的原因,寻找康复治疗中需解决的关键问题。方法:选择首次脑卒中后可以独立步行10m以上的右侧偏瘫患者20例为实验组,正常健康中老年人16例为对照组。采用Vicon和AMTOR6-7进行三维步态运动学和动力学检测和分析。结果:实验组与正常对照组比较,脑卒中患者与健康中老年人在步频、跨步时间、双腿支撑时间、步时、离地比率、步长、跨步长和步速同侧比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),患侧离地占步态周期百分比和健侧单腿支撑时间实验组与对照组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。矢状面上同侧髋关节伸展角度、膝关节屈曲角度和踝关节背伸及跖屈角度比较差异都有显著性意义(P<0.05)。同侧髋关节屈伸力矩、同侧膝关节伸直力矩和患侧踝关节背伸力矩实验组和对照组相比差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),步行能力(步速)与患侧髋关节伸展、健侧膝关节屈曲、双侧膝关节伸展、双侧踝关节背伸和跖屈角度相关,均有显著性意义(P<0.05);同时也和双侧髋关节屈伸、膝关节伸展和踝关节背伸力矩相关(P<0.01)。结论:①步长是脑卒中偏瘫患者步态异常的重要参考指数;②髋关节和膝关节伸展,踝关节背伸和跖屈是步态异常的重要表现;③下肢髋关节和膝关节屈伸肌群和踝关节背伸肌群的力量是影响步行能力的重要因素。     

足下垂助行仪联合Lokomat下肢康复机器人对脑卒中患者步行功能的疗效

目的观察足下垂助行仪训练联合Lokomat下肢康复机器人对脑卒中患者步行功能的影响。方法将36例脑卒中患者随机分为对照组(n=18)和观察组(n=18)。两组均接受常规康复训练。对照组在常规康复治疗的基础上进行Lokomat下肢康复机器人步行训练,观察组在对照组基础上佩戴足下垂助行仪。30 min/次,1次/d,5 d/周,共6周。治疗前后分别采用Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能量表(FMA-LL)、功能性步行量表(FAC)和足印分析法评定下肢运动功能、步行能力和步态。结果治疗前,两组FMA-LL评分、FAC分级、步态参数(步速、步宽、两侧步长差)均无显著性差异(t0.765,Z=0,P0.05)。治疗后,两组FMA评分、FAC分级和步速均有提高,两侧步长差与步宽均减小(t2.190,Z3.630,P0.05);观察组FMA评分、FAC分级、步速及两侧步长差均优于对照组(t2.030,Z=-2.560,P0.05),但两组间步宽无显著性差异(t=0.570,P0.05)。结论足下垂助行仪联合Lokomat下肢康复机器人同步治疗可提高脑卒中患者的步行能力,且疗效明显优于单用Lokomat下肢康复机器人治疗。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.