内结扎法腹腔镜儿童脾切除术的临床体会

目的:探讨內结扎法腹腔镜儿童脾切除术的可行性及临床效果.方法:回顾分析为7例患儿行内结扎法腹腔镜脾切除术的临床资料.镜下先游离显露脾动脉,分别用丝线结扎、切断,再逐一游离显露脾静脉,用丝线结扎、切断.丝线结扎代替Endo-GIA或Hem-o-lok等器械结扎脾门血管.并与同期施行的5例內镜切割闭合钉结扎脾门血管法进行对...     

Vacuum Stabilization of the Spleen in Laparoscopic Splenectomy

Background and Objectives:

Recovery from laparoscopic splenectomy is greatly enhanced when compared with recovery from the laparotomy approach, yet a minority of spleens are removed laparoscopically. The spleen is smooth, rounded, and vascular, making it difficult to directly grasp, stabilize, or retract laparoscopically. The LiVac Retractor is a laparoscopic liver retractor comprising a soft silicone open ring that apposes 2 substantially planar surfaces when a vacuum is applied. It was evaluated for its efficacy in stabilization of the spleen during 2 laparoscopic splenectomies.

Methods:

The 2 patients gave consent for laparoscopic splenectomy with splenic retraction using the LiVac Retractor. The entire 3-port laparoscopic procedure was video recorded, with the resected spleens weighed as wet specimens. The patients'' postoperative courses are described.

Results:

The spleen was retracted securely for the duration of the hilar dissection in both patients. Exposure of the splenic hilum was excellent. There were no visible signs of injury to either spleen and recovery of both patients was unremarkable.

Conclusions:

The LiVac Retractor provided stable retraction and excellent exposure of the splenic hilum during both laparoscopic splenectomies, without organ injury. Early hilar dissection with vascular control was facilitated, reducing the risk of bleeding from other components of the dissection.     

Laparoscopic surgery of the spleen: state of the art

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) offers superior visualization and access to the spleen and avoids the major laparotomy incision necessary in open splenectomy (OS). This review summarizes the current knowledge of laparoscopic techniques for splenectomy from the perspective of surgeons whose combined experience now totals 340 cases. BACKGROUND AND DISCUSSION: While LS has been applied across the spectrum of splenic diseases, it is most indicated in treatment of a benign hematologic condition with a normal or slightly enlarged spleen as seen in autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), autoimmune deficiency syndrome-related ITP, hemolytic anemia, or spherocytosis. Both anterior and lateral approaches have been used for LS. While benefits of the anterior approach include access to the splenic artery along the superior border of the pancreas within the lesser sac, thus securing vascular control early in the procedure, the lateral approach allows for improved exposure of and access to the splenic pedicle. Also, mechanics and sequence of dissection are enhanced and more intuitive to the surgeon using the lateral approach, and the tail of the pancreas is more easily identified. Potential perioperative complications of LS include hemorrhage, injury to the tail of the pancreas, and deep vein thrombosis. The most common criticisms facing LS are the potential for missed accessory spleens, longer operating time, and greater operating room costs compared to OS. However, while LS requires a longer operating time than OS, studies indicate shorter postoperative hospital stays for LS versus OS patients in comparable cases, which can, in turn, reduce the total hospital cost for the procedure. CONCLUSION: Although LS continues to pose certain technical challenges--such as management of the massive spleen, specimen extraction, and identification of remotely located accessory spleens--its advantages over OS in terms of faster postoperative recovery, shorter hospital stay, and equivalent or lower perioperative morbidity are now well established. Indications for LS and more laparoscopic spleen-conserving surgery are likely to broaden.     

Single-incision laparoscopic splenectomy with innovative gastric traction suture

Laparoscopic splenectomy is now the gold standard for patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) undergoing splenectomy. There are a few reports in literature on single-incision laparoscopic (SIL) splenectomy. Herein, we describe a patient undergoing SIL splenectomy for ITP without the use of a disposable port device. We report a 20-year-old female patient with steroid-refractory ITP having a platelet count of 14,000/cmm who underwent a SIL splenectomy. Dissection was facilitated by the use of a single articulating grasper and a gastric traction suture and splenic vessels were secured at the hilum with an endo-GIA stapler. She made an uneventful postoperative recovery and was discharged on the second postoperative day. She is doing well with no visible scar at 8-month follow-up.     

Laparoscopic splenectomy

Between early 1992 and December 1994, laparoscopic splenectomy was performed in 27 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP), hairy-cell leucemia, HIV, or Hodgkin's disease. In all cases medical treatment, especially cortisone therapy, failed. In Hodgkin's disease the splenectomy was combined with liver biopsies and dissection of parailiacal, paraaortic, and mesenteric lymph nodes for abdominal staging.The operation was performed using four trocars; the splenic vessels were divided by a linear stapler. In general the spleen was removed in a bag through a slightly enlarged trocar incision or after morcellation. Three patients needed a small laparotomy for the removal (laparoscopic assisted). In a recent case of Hodgkin's disease the intact spleen was removed via posterior colpotomy.In 22 of 27 cases (81%) the operation was finished laparoscopically. Five times a conversion to conventional laparotomy was necessary because of bleeding of enlarged lymph nodes at the hilum. Wound infections occurred in two cases. In one patient with ITP the platelet count did not improve and continuous blood loss led to relaparotomy at the 1st postoperative day. No surgical bleeding was found. All patients tolerated a fluid diet at the 1st postoperative day and hospitalization time was 4.4 days (range 3–14).Regarding the low complication rate and the advantages of a smaller abdominal trauma in the postoperative period, the laparoscopic approach for elective splenectomy and laparoscopic abdominal staging has a substantial benefit for the patients.     

Conversion factors for laparoscopic splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Background: Since 1994, 27 patients at our institution have undergone laparoscopic splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Laparoscopic splenectomy was completed in 22 of these patients. We sought to identify factors that precluded successful laparoscopic splenectomy in the remaining 5 patients. Methods: Retrospective review of 27 patients with ITP undergoing laparoscopic splenectomy was performed at Duke University Medical Center from August, 1994 to September, 1997. Results: Laparoscopic splenectomy was performed in 16 women and 11 men with a mean age of 47.2 years. Five (18%) of these procedures were converted to open splenectomy. There was no significant difference in age, ASA score, gender, weight, height, or splenic size between the converted and laparoscopic groups. However, preoperative and postoperative platelet counts were significantly higher in the laparoscopic group than in the converted group (p < 0.001). Operative times also were significantly longer for the laparoscopic group than for the converted group (p < 0.001). Adherent adjacent structures, associated comorbidities, and technical errors prohibited laparoscopic completion in five patients. Technical errors with subsequent bleeding required conversion in two patients. A thickened greater omentum blanketing the splenic capsule and a densely adherent pancreatic tail extending well into the splenic hilum prevented laparoscopic completion in two patients. Increased peak airway pressures greater than 60 mmHg after pneumoperitoneum necessitated conversion in the remaining patient, who had a previous history of pulmonary insufficiency. Regardless of surgical approach, all patients achieved a therapeutic response after splenectomy. Splenectomies completed laparoscopically resulted in a significantly shorter length of hospital stay (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Densely adherent adjacent structures, technical errors, and cardiopulmonary instability may preclude successful completion of laparoscopic splenectomies. Thorough preoperative evaluation with an emphasis on the cardiopulmonary system may elicit a cohort of individuals with ITP who are unlikely to undergo laparoscopic splenectomy successfully. This cohort also may include individuals with preoperative platelet counts less than 35,000 mm⁻³. Received: 15 April 1998/Received: 15 January 1999     

Laparoscopic splenectomy for hematological disorders. Our experience in adult and pediatric patients

Laparoscopic splenectomy has gained increasing acceptance in the surgical management of a variety of splenic disorders, in particular hematological diseases. In this series, we report our experience with 20 patients (male:female ratio of 4:16 with median age of 16 years, range 5-49 years) who underwent this procedure because of ITP in 9 cases, spherocytosis in 7 and Cooley disease, sickle cell anemia, dyserythropoietic and hemolytic anemia in one case each. The patient was placed in a supine position using a fourtrocars technique. We did not perform pre-operative splenic artery embolization in any case. Spleen lower pole and its posterolateral attachments were dissected first, using electrocautery and endoclips. Vascular hilar isolation was achieved with an EndoGIA stapler and the spleen was removed by morcelation within a retrieval bag (16 cases) or via a 4-5 cm left subcostal incision (4 cases). One patient required conversion to open technique (conversion rate 5 %), because of uncontrolled bleeding from splenic hilum. Mean operative time was 165 min (range 100-240 min), mean splenic size was 13.5 cm (range 11-20 cm), with weight ranging between 140 and 1060 g and estimated blood loss was 151 ml (75-280 ml). No patient required a blood transfusion. Median postoperative hospital stay was 4 days (range 3-8 days). Postoperative complications occurred in 2 patients (10%), with no mortality rate in this series. Regarding the low complication rate and the advantages of a small abdominal trauma in the postoperative period, such as less postoperative pain, faster hospital discharge and better cosmetic results, the laparoscopic approach for elective splenectomy in hematological disorders has a substantial benefit for the patient.     

Early ligation of the splenic artery in the leaning spleen approach to laparoscopic splenectomy

BACKGROUND: A variety of approaches have been proposed for laparoscopic splenectomy, including the anterior approach, the lateral approach (hanging spleen technique), and the semilateral approach (leaning spleen technique). We advocate a leaning spleen approach with early ligation of the splenic artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Since 1997, we have performed 120 laparoscopic splenectomies using the leaning spleen approach along with early ligation of the splenic artery. The patient is placed in a 70-degree semi-right lateral position. The operative steps are: exposure of the lesser sac, control of the splenic artery, mobilization of the splenic flexure, division of the splenocolic ligament, division of the splenophrenic ligament, hilar mobilization, mobilization of the upper pole of the spleen, and removal of the specimen. RESULTS: The most common indication for surgery was autoimmune hemolytic anemia (35.8%). One patient had severe perisplenitis with extensively vascularized adhesions, which led to oozing during surgery obscuring the laparoscopic view, requiring conversion to open surgery. The mean spleen diameter was 22.8 cm (range, 12.5-37.0 cm) on imaging. The mean operative time was 85 minutes (range, 54-124 minutes). Concomitant laparoscopic cholecystectomy for pigment stone cholelithiasis was performed in 8.3% of the patients. Accessory splenic tissue was found in 4.2%. The average hospital stay was 3 days (range, 1-6 days). There were no significant postoperative complications. The average follow-up has been 5.4 years (range, 1 month-9 years). CONCLUSION: In adopting the modification of early ligation of the splenic artery in the leaning spleen approach, we believe we have helped to advance laparoscopic splenectomy.     

Technical standardization of laparoscopic splenectomy: experience with 105 cases

Background: Some reports have suggested that laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) can be successfully performed in adults. However, several aspects of this procedure remain as yet undefined; therefore, several attempts have been made to modify the standard technique to try to optimize the procedure. Herein we analyze our experience with 105 laparoscopic splenectomies. Methods: From 1993 to 2000, 105 patients underwent LS at our hospital. Twelve of these patients also underwent a concomitant cholecystectomy. There were 66 women and 39 men whose ages ranged between 4 and 78 years (median, 27.7). All patients underwent an elective laparoscopic splenectomy. Seventy five patients had thrombocytopenia (ITP), 14 had hereditary spherocytosis, eight were affected by b-thalassemia, two had splenic cysts, two had lymphoma, (two had myeloid chronic leukemia, one patient presented with a splenic abscess and one had incurred an iatrogenic spleen lesion during adrenalectomy. The first patients in this series were positioned in dorsal decubitus; however, as the team's experience increased, the right lateral decubitus became the position of choice because it provides better exposure of the splenic hilum. This procedure requires the use of only four trocars. Results: Mean operating time was 95 min (range, 35–320). Hospital stay ranged from 2 to 21 days (median, 4.5). There was only one conversion to open surgery. One patient died in the postoperative period due to the evolution of a preexisting malignant disease. We recorded nine complications—four subphrenic abscesses, two cases of pleuritis, two episodes of postoperative bleeding, and one intestinal infarction 16 days after surgery. Only two patients needed redo surgery. Conclusions: We believe that the laparoscopic approach is a valid alternative to open splenectomy, but mastery of some of the technical details of this procedure could greatly help avoid its complications. On the basis of our experience, it seems that the lateral approach should be considered the position of choice because it provides exposure and easier dissection of the splenic hilar structures. We also found that a 30° scope and an ultrasonic dissector allowed for perfect vision and optimal hemostasis during the procedure. At the end of procedure, the spleen should be fragmented and then extracted using an extraction bag.     

Laparoscopic removal of retroperitoneal accessory spleen in patient with relapsing idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 30 years after classical splenectomy

The clinical success of therapeutic splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura depends on the complete removal of all functional splenic tissue. Among reasons for poor response to splenectomy, failure to remove accessory spleens is mentioned. We present our experience with laparoscopic removal of accessory spleen from retroperitoneal space in a patient with relapse of ITP 30 years after classical splenectomy. A 45-year-old female patient underwent in 1972 classical splenectomy for ITP. Progressive decline in thrombocyte count was observed 7 years ago. Scintigraphy, CT, and ultrasound revealed residual splenic tissue. A laparoscopic approach was proposed. Four trocars placed along left costal margin were used. After dissection of all the adhesions behind the pancreatic tail deep in the retroperitoneal space a round structure 4 cm in diameter, macroscopically resembling splenic tissue, was found. The accessory spleen was removed intact. The patient recovered well; 2 months later steroids were discontinued while the thrombocyte level was 251 x 10(9)/L. Identification of accessory spleen seems to be major intraoperative problem. We believe that accessory spleen can be safely removed laparoscopically, avoiding a major open procedure, and a satisfactory postoperative result could be expected.     

内结扎法腹腔镜脾切除术的应用解剖及技术要点

目的 探讨内结扎法腹腔镜脾切除术的应用解剖及其手术要点.方法 对41例相关血液病儿采用内结扎法进行腹腔镜脾切除术,其中遗传性球形红细胞增多症25例,特发性血小板减少性紫癜13例,脾性粒细胞减少症3例.术前用彩色多普勒血流显像探测脾蒂血管解剖类型、走行及其与胰腺的关系,并与术中所见做对比.结果 彩色多普勒血流显像显示脾蒂血管走行与胰腺的关系呈Ⅰ型24例,Ⅱ型17例;脾血管分支呈分散型31例,集中型10例,与术中记录脾血管分支类型(95%)及其与胰腺的关系(90%)基本符合.本组41例腹腔镜脾切除术均获得成功,无严重手术并发症发生.手术时间(114±31)min,出血量(51±23)ml.结论 彩色多普勒血流显像可明确脾蒂血管解剖分支类型、走行及其与胰腺的毗邻关系;用内结扎法实施腹腔镜脾切除术安全、可靠.     

减少腹腔镜脾切除术术中出血的初步体会

目的探讨预防和减少腹腔镜脾切除术(laparoscopic splenectomy,LS)术中出血的手术技巧和措施。方法2008年1月～2010年3月行LS 40例。脾动脉位于胰尾上缘者,先分离并结扎脾动脉主干,离断脾周韧带;脾动脉位于胰尾后方或胰尾内者,先离断脾周围韧带和剥离胰尾,显露和离断脾蒂血管,完成LS。结果完成LS 31例,LS联合LC 7例,LS联合胆囊切除,贲门周围血管离断术2例。术中切除副脾3例。手术时间90～210 min,平均130 min;出血量50～800 ml,平均160 ml。术后12～24 h胃肠蠕动恢复,术后24 h拔胃管后进食。术后住院5～9 d,平均7.5 d。1例特发性血小板减少性紫瘢(idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP)术后效果不佳,血小板一直<50×109/L,口服泼尼松20 mg/d维持治疗;23例ITP随访4个月～2年,平均1年,无复发;2例门脉高压症随访1年,未发生消化道出血。结论围手术期改善凝血,提高血小板计数,术前行脾动脉CT血管造影,手术时在胰腺上缘结扎脾动脉,分离脾周围韧带时避免撕裂脾包膜,妥善处理脾蒂血管,谨慎对待门脉高压症患者,可减少LS术中出血。     

无蓝碟手助腹腔镜巨脾切除术15例报告

目的探讨无蓝碟手助腹腔镜下脾切除术的安全性和疗效。方法 2009年5月～2011年7月,完成手助腹腔镜巨脾切除15例（脾脏长径138～192 mm,平均169 mm）,其中6例行贲门周围血管离断术。上腹正中5～6 cm切口,左手常规进腹,超声刀离断胃结肠韧带后,用伸入腹腔的手指在胰腺上缘将脾动脉主干游离,丝线结扎,并在手指引导下于脾蒂后方穿过吻合器钉仓,击发后离断脾蒂,然后再离断脾周围韧带,完整切除脾脏。结果 15例手术均顺利完成,手术时间76～294 min,平均147 min;出血量55～1100 ml,平均292 ml。术后住院时间7～15 d,平均9.8 d。15例随访1～25个月,平均14个月,血小板在术后18～27 d内（平均24.6 d）恢复正常,术后无远期并发症。结论无蓝碟手助腹腔镜脾切除术手术时间短,术后恢复快,并发症少,是一种值得推广的安全有效的手术方法。     

应用脾蒂先离断技术行手助腹腔镜巨脾切除与断流术

目的探讨手助腹腔镜巨脾切除术中脾门先离断技术的可行性。方法2003年8月-2009年12月,用脾门先离断技术完成手助腹腔镜巨脾切除16例,其中14例同时行贲门周围血管离断术。离断胃结肠韧带后,用伸人腹腔的手指分离脾蒂与其外侧腹膜之间的疏松组织,穿过脾蒂下方后,在手指引导下于脾蒂后方穿过吻合器钉座,击发后离断脾蒂。然后再离断脾周围韧带,完整切除脾脏。结果所有手术均顺利完成。手术时间（152．0±39．9）rain,术中出血量（263．8±161．2）ml,3例需要术中输血。无术后出血、膈下感染、发热等并发症。所有病例均获电话随访,随访时间1-40个月,平均24个月。无术后远期并发症,血小板计数1个月内恢复正常,随访期间无食管静脉曲张破裂再出血。结论脾蒂先离断技术可以增加手术安全性,缩短手术时间,减少术后并发症发生机会。     

Laparoscopically assisted splenectomy following preoperative splenic artery embolization using contour emboli for myelofibrosis with massive splenomegaly

Laparoscopically assisted splenectomy with an 8- to 10-cm left upper paramedian laparotomy was performed following preoperative splenic artery embolization using painless contour emboli (super absorbent polymer microsphere) with early successful results in two men (46 and 37 years old) with myelofibrosis accompanied by massive splenomegaly. Dissection around the lower part of the spleen and the hilum initially was performed intracorporeally with the usual laparoscopic view under 12 mm Hg pneumoperitoneum. The alternating changes of viewpoints between the direct view through an 8- to 10-cm incision and the usual laparoscopic view with or without application of a retraction method were effective for safe hilar devascularization. Preoperative splenic artery embolization at the distal site was effective for safe dissection around the enlarged spleen. The patients did not complain of pain before operation. Preoperative painless embolization and laparoscopically assisted splenectomy with small laparotomy promotes the feasibility and safety of minimally invasive splenectomy for myelofibrosis with massive splenomegaly.     

Impact of Splenectomy in Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma of the Cardia

Previous reports have suggested that splenectomy treatment of gastric carcinoma of the cardia results in poor patient outcome, but the reason for this is unclear. This study aimed to clarify the impact of splenectomy for gastric carcinoma patients. A total of 118 patients with gastric carcinoma of the cardia were enrolled in this study. The characteristics of patients with lymph node metastasis at the splenic hilum were determined, and the effects of lymph node dissection or splenectomy on postoperative morbidity, mortality, and pattern of recurrence were evaluated. Advanced tumors were common in patients with lymph node metastasis at the splenic hilum, Siewert type III, greater curvature sites, larger and deeper tumors, multiple metastatic lymph nodes, and high incidences of para-aortic lymph node metastasis frequently observed. The effectiveness of lymph node dissection of the splenic hilum was low and equal to that of dissection of the para-aortic lymph nodes. Postoperative morbidity, as represented by pancreatic fistula, was high following splenectomy or pancreaticosplenectomy, but patient mortality did not occur. Hematogenous metastasis was common, as well as peritoneal metastasis after curative gastrectomy. Splenectomy should be limited in those patients with gastric cardia tumors invading the spleen or with metastatic bulky lymph nodes extending to the spleen.     

腹腔镜脾手术110例的临床分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜睥手术的安全性及临床效果。方法：回顾分析110例腹腔镜睥手术的临床资料，包括107例腹腔镜脾切除术（laparoscopic splenectomy，LS），1例腹腔镜副脾切除术及2例腹腔镜睥囊肿开窗术。病例构成为原发性血小板减少性紫癜（idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura，ITP）55例，遗传性球形红细胞增多症（hereditary spherocytosis，HS）33例，地中海贫血（mediterranean anemia，MA）5例，肝硬化门脉高压脾亢5例，脾囊肿3例，脾脓肿1例，脾血管瘤3例，牌淋巴管瘤2例，副脾2例，脾破裂1例。结果：108例手术成功，1例因术中脾下极血管出血中转开腹，1例因术后操作孔肌层动脉出血二次手术。1例外伤性脾破裂患者急诊行LS；3例脾囊肿患者中2例行开窗术，另1例囊肿较大，行LS。手术时间1—5h，平均2，5h。手术失血20～3000ml，平均200ml。术后排气时间为48～72h，术后平均住院5d。结论：对于部分血液病及脾脏本身病变者，在严格把握适应证的情况下，腹腔镜脾脏手术是安全有效的，且具有患者创伤小、康复快等优点。     

GS02LATERAL LAPAROSCOPIC SPLENECTOMY: THE AUCKLAND CITY HOSPITAL EXPERIENCE

Purpose To review the experience with laparoscopic splenectomy, to determine it’s efficacy for treating immune thrombocytopaenic purpura (ITP) and to highlight key technical issues with the operation. Methodology All splenectomies performed between 1992 and 2005 were identified from the Otago Surgical Audit and the clinical notes reviewed, including the laboratory records for follow‐up data related to the haematologic cases. Results There were 289 splenectomies performed over the 13 year period. The indications were trauma (111, 38%), haematologic disease (93, 32%), incidental (40, 14%) splenic malignancy (39, 13%), and other (8, 3%). Of the 68 patients with ITP, 49 (72%) had a lateral laparoscopic splenectomy (LLS) with no conversions, a 5% complication rate and one mortality. Based on platelet counts and the requirement for maintenance steroids there was a complete response in 44 (68%) patients at >6 months, a partial response in 16 (24%) and no response in 5 (8%) patients. A short video presentation will highlight the key steps for the safe and efficient performance of the LLS, including patient and port positioning, the use of ultrasonic dissection, splenic pedicle stapling, and morcellation. The indications for hand‐port assisted laparoscopic and open splenectomy will be discussed. Conclusions The LLS is the preferred approach to splenectomy for all but massive splenomegaly and can be performed safely with careful attention to key technical issues.     

Results of laparoscopic splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic splenectomy has been demonstrated to be technically feasible and safe for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), hereditary spherocytosis, and Hodgkin's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 76 consecutive patients with chronic ITP who were admitted to our hospital from 1968 to 1997 and underwent splenectomy; 35 patients underwent a laparoscopic splenectomy, and 41 had open surgery. RESULTS: Laparoscopic splenectomy involved minimal incision, and a significantly lower frequency of analgesia was required for postoperative abdominal pain (1.4 versus 3.3); postoperative hospital stay was shorter (9.6 versus 20.1 days, P <0.05). Operative time was significantly longer for the laparoscopic surgery (204.5 versus 99.8 minutes, P <0.01), but blood loss was less (154.4 versus 511.7 g, P <0.01). During the present study (range 3.8 to 80 months), accumulative nonrecurrence rate was 67.9% in 5 years after surgery, which is similar to that of the previous open splenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic splenectomy can become an alternative therapeutic modality in the treatment of ITP.