体重指数与不同亚型高血压的关系

目的探讨中国成年人体重指数(BMI)与不同亚型高血压患病率的关系。方法2000-2001年,对年龄35～74岁的中国成年人群中的代表性抽样样本进行横断面调查,分析了资料完整并且未服用降压药的14124名研究对象的数据。比较男性和女性不同BMI分组的各亚型高血压患病率、比数比(OR值)和归因危险。结果随着BMI水平的增加,男性和女性的收缩压和舒张压均值逐渐增高。男、女性在低体重组、正常体重组、超重组和肥胖组的各亚型高血压患病率和OR值基本上也呈升高趋势。男性超重和肥胖(BMI≥24kg/m2)时患单纯性收缩期高血压(ISH)、单纯性舒张期高血压(IDH)、收缩期和舒张期联合性高血压(SDH)的OR值分别为1.3、2.9和2.4,女性则各为1.6、2.4和2.3(P<0.05)。与非超重者相比,超重和肥胖男性中20%的ISH、65.4%的IDH和57.5%的SDH应归因于BMI≥24kg/m2,而女性相应有37.9%的ISH、59.0%的IDH和55.8%的SDH由超重和肥胖引起。结论体重指数与各亚型高血压的患病危险有显著正相关。减重和控制肥胖对于预防IDH和SDH的发生起重要作用。     

体重指数与不同亚型高血压的关系

目的探讨中国成年人体重指数(BMI)与不同亚型高血压患病率的关系.方法2000-2001年,对年龄35～74岁的中国成年人群中的代表性抽样样本进行横断面调查,分析了资料完整并且未服用降压药的14 124名研究对象的数据.比较男性和女性不同BMI分组的各亚型高血压患病率、比数比(OR值)和归因危险.结果随着BMI水平的增加,男性和女性的收缩压和舒张压均值逐渐增高.男、女性在低体重组、正常体重组、超重组和肥胖组的各亚型高血压患病率和OR值基本上也呈升高趋势.男性超重和肥胖(BMI≥24kg/m2)时患单纯性收缩期高血压(ISH)、单纯性舒张期高血压(IDH)、收缩期和舒张期联合性高血压(SDH)的OR值分别为1.3、2.9和2.4,女性则各为1.6、2.4和2.3(P＜0.05).与非超重者相比,超重和肥胖男性中20%的ISH、65.4%的IDH和57.5%的SDH应归因于BMI≥24 kg/m2,而女性相应有37.9%的ISH、59.0%的IDH和55.8%的SDH由超重和肥胖引起.结论体重指数与各亚型高血压的患病危险有显著正相关.减重和控制肥胖对于预防IDH和SDH的发生起重要作用.     

采用肥胖参数筛查和诊断老年男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的研究

目的 应用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC curve)探讨体质指数(BMI)、颈围、腰围及腰臀比等各种肥胖参数筛查、诊断老年男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的参考切点并比较其价值. 方法 分析402例老年男性患者的BMI、颈围、腰围及腰臀比与呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index,AHI)间的相关性;用ROC曲线确定BMI、颈围、腰围、腰臀比等肥胖参数筛查、诊断OSAHS的参考切点;用ROC曲线下面积(Area under curve,AUC)判断各肥胖参数的整体准确性. 结果 (1)老年男性BMI、颈围、腰围及腰臀比均与AHI呈正相关,其相关系数分别为0.241、0.201、0.210、0.097,P值分别为0.000、0.000、0.000、0.053;BMI、颈围、腰围及腰臀比ROC曲线下面积分别为:0.61、0.58、0.51、0.45,P值分别为0.001、0.060、0.840、0.250;BMI可用于筛查、诊断老年男性OSAHS;颈围、腰围、腰臀比尚不足以用于筛查、诊断老年男性OSAHS;(2)灵敏度达90%,漏诊率10%时,BMI筛查OSAHS的切点为22.0kg/m~2;(3)特异度达90%,误诊率10%时,BMI确诊OSAHS的切点为29.0 kg/m~2. 结论 BMI≥22.0 kg/m~2可作为筛查老年男性OSAHS的参考标准;BMI≥29.0 kg/m~2可作为诊断老年男性OSAHS的参考标准.     

辽宁西部地区农村人群体质指数和腰围对血压的影响

目的 探讨辽宁西部地区农村人群体质指数(BMI)和腰围(WC)对血压均值及高血压患病率的影响.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,于2004-2006年对辽宁省阜新县35～74岁常住居民43 692人进行流行病学调查.采用Epidata3.1软件建立数据库,使用SPSS 12.0统计软件包对数据进行统计分析.结果 共调查43 692人,男性21 680人(49.6%),女性22 012人(50.4%).平均BMI为(23.31±3.08)kg/m2,平均WC为(80.87±9.40)cm.不论男性还是女性以20 kg/m2起始,收缩压随着BMI的增加而逐渐增加;舒张压随BMI的增加而逐渐升高.多因素logistic回归分析显示,男性中以BMI<18 kg/m2组为对照,其他各组患病危险OR值均有显著统计学意义,28～30 kg/m2组OR及95%CI为6.285(4.612～8.566),在20～30 kg/m2范围内,OR值随着等级的增高而逐渐增高;女性从20～22 kg/m2组起始OR值随着BMI等级的增高而逐渐增高,在≥30kg/m2组OR及95%CI为7.764(6.009～10.032).男性和女性收缩压和舒张压及高血压患病率均随着WC的增加而逐渐增加(P<0.001).不论是在男性还是女性,当BMI<24 kg/m2,或WC男性<85cm、女性WC<80 cm时,其平均血压水平、高血压患病率最低;当BMI达到超重或肥胖标准时或WC超标时,血压均值和高血压患病率均明显增高;调整年龄等危险因素后,男性超重和肥胖对高血压的患病危险OR分别为1.704(1.592～1.825)及3.710(3.148～4.371),女性为1.527(1.428～1.632)和3.014(2.668～3.405);WC超标时,男女性高血压患病危险OR及95%CI分别为1.231(1.153～1.314)和1.353(1.269～1.442).结论 BMI和WC均与高血压患病明显相关.有效预防和控制超重和肥胖等高血压发病危险因素,是我国目前急需解决的公共卫生问题.     

湘西少数民族地区健康体检者体质指数、血压特点调查研究

目的以湘西少数民族地区健康体检者为调查对象,探讨湘西少数民族地区体质量指数（BMI）、血压水平及其特点。方法对668例健康体检者进行问卷调查,并测量身高、体质量、腰围（WC）、血压、血脂、血糖等指标。结果湘西少数民族地区健康体检者高血压患病率为28.74%,男性（37.64%）显著高于女性（18.85%）,在不同高血压水平的人群分布比例上,男女也存在差别;本地区超重或肥胖患病率为43.71%,男性（58.03%）高于女性（27.48%）,BMI平均为23.61kg/m2,男性（24.65kg/m2）高于女性（22.43kg/m2）,男性WC亦高于女性;在不同的BMI分层中,血脂异常和高血压患病率均存在明显差异。结论湘西少数民族地区人群高血压、肥胖或超重居于国内中等水平,男性高于女性;本地血脂异常及高血压均与BMI有关。     

泸州市社区老年人群超重、肥胖患病率及特点分析

目的:了解泸州市社区老年人群超重和肥胖的流行特点及其高血压、高血糖、高血脂的患病情况。方法:通过多级抽样方法,对泸州市社区60岁以上居民进行问卷调查、体格检查、生化检测。体质量指数(BMI)≥28.0为肥胖,24.0～27.9为超重。结果:共收集有效资料4 445份,平均BMI为24.1±3.4,男性与女性BMI不同(P<0.001)。样本人群超重和肥胖患病率分别为38.25%、12.78%;各年龄段超重率不同(P<0.05),60～69年龄段超重率最高(P<0.05),随年龄的增长,超重率有下降趋势(P<0.001);男、女性肥胖率分别为10.01%、14.69%(P<0.001),各年龄组肥胖率差异无统计学意义。高血压、高血糖、高三酰甘油等患病率随BMI升高而增加(P<0.05),在超重、肥胖组的患病率高于BMI<24.0组(P<0.05)。结论:被调查人群超重和肥胖患病率超过50%,其高血压、高血糖、高血脂患病率达40%以上;老年人超重、肥胖问题严峻,控制老年超重和肥胖刻不容缓。     

亚洲人骨质疏松自我筛查工具和体质量指数筛查老年骨质疏松症效果比较

目的比较亚洲人骨质疏松自我筛查工具(osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians,OSTA)和体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)对骨质疏松症的预测效果。方法使用双能X线吸收检测仪(dual energy X-ray absorptiometry,DXA)测定50岁以上体检者5 745人(男性2 094人,女性3 651人)的骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)值,计算OSTA指数和BMI,分别评价两者对骨质疏松症的预测效果。结果股骨颈BMD均随年龄增长而逐渐下降。OSTA指数预测股骨颈骨质疏松的受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积女性为0.817,男性为0.797,最佳诊断切点为-1.75(女)和-1.70(男)。BMI预测男性股骨颈骨质疏松的曲线下面积(area under curves,AUC)为0.736,与OSTA指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),最佳诊断切点为22.9 kg/m~2。女性OSTA预测股骨颈和腰椎骨质疏松的ROC曲线下面积均高于BMI(P0.05)。结论 OSTA和BMI可用于50岁以上人群骨质疏松症筛查,女性更适合应用OSTA指数。建议OSTA最佳干预界值为-1.7,BMI预测骨质疏松的最佳切点男性为23 kg/m~2,女性为21 kg/m~2。     

三峡农村地区人群超重肥胖的流行现状及其影响因素

目的:了解三峡农村地区超重肥胖的流行现状和影响因素。方法:于2007年在宜昌市夷陵区的农村人群进行现况调查,采用标准化的问卷收集居民一般人口学情况、社会经济状况和生活方式与行为,并进行身高、体重和腰围测量。超重、肥胖和中心性肥胖分别定义为体重指数(BMI):24.0～27.9 kg/m2、≥28 kg/m2和腰围≥85 cm(男性)、≥80 cm(女性)。采用Logistic回归模型探讨影响超重肥胖的相关因素。结果:共调查35岁及以上者9568人(应答率为80.8%),其中19.7%为三峡大坝建设后靠移民。年龄标化超重、肥胖和中心性肥胖患病率在男性分别为22.2%、5.5%和18.8%,女性分别为26.7%、6.9%和25.4%,男性各指标明显低于女性(P值均<0.01)。在男性中35～54岁年龄段超重肥胖患病率最高,而女性患病率最高的年龄段为45～64岁。三峡移民超重肥胖患病率指标显著高于非移民(P值<0.01或<0.05)。多元Logistic回归分析表明,受教育水平较高、经常食用高脂食物、缺乏体力活动和从事非农业生产者罹患超重/肥胖(BMI≥24)的风险明显增加(P值均<0.05),而移民与否不是超重肥胖的独立影响因素。结论:三峡夷陵农村地区超重肥胖患病率较高,需大力加强肥胖的防治。     

广州社区中老年肥胖指标与代谢综合征亚组的相关性分析

目的 比较体重指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、腰臀比( WHR)、腰围身高比(WHtR)对预测2型糖尿病(T2DM)、高血压及血脂异常风险的效果,筛选最佳肥胖评定指标,寻求早期临床干预的切点.方法 对广州市海珠区650名45岁以上未诊断过T2DM的常住居民进行调查,应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)比较4种肥胖指标对疾病的预测效果.结果 4种肥胖指标预测T2DM、高血压和血脂异常的最佳切点分别为,男性BMI 23.63、23.63和23.32 kg/m2,WC 84.50、84.50和78.50 cm,WHR 0.888 3、0.8405和0.873 1,WHtR 0.498 5、0.494 0和0.461 3,女性BMI 23.47、25.00和24.12 kg/m2,WC 76.75、81.50和77.50 cm,WHR0.822 9、0.834 1和0.804 2,WHtR 0.496 9、0.527 8和0.456 0.女性人群中4种指标预测T2DM的曲线下面积(AUC)无显著差异.BMI在预测男性T2DM、高血压、血脂异常及女性高血压时的AUC明显小于其他肥胖指标(P＜0.05).结论 广州社区中老年人群中中心性肥胖指标较全身性肥胖指标与代谢综合征亚组的关系更加密切,针对不同性别、年龄和生理状态的人群采用适合的诊断切点或将肥胖指标整合利用,能够有效提高其对疾病的预测价值.     

老年人体质指数与代谢指标及心脑血管疾病的关系

目的探讨老年人体质指数(BMI)与代谢指标及心脑血管疾病的关系。方法随机整群抽样法以任丘市60~70岁的常住居民5 010例为调查者,进行面对面健康问卷调查、人体测量、实验室检测。结果 5 010例调查者中,平均BMI为24.90 kg/m~2(22.30~27.20 kg/m~2),女性BMI、超重及肥胖、代谢综合征的比例显著高于男性,随着年龄增长,BMI、超重及肥胖的比例逐渐下降(P<0.01);随着BMI的增加,腰围、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖(FPG)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、尿酸(UA)、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)水平逐渐增高,而平均年龄、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)则逐渐降低(P<0.01),代谢综合征及其组分中的中心性肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、高TG血症、低HDL-C血症患病率增加,高TC血症及高LDL-C血症、高UA血症的患病率及抗血小板药物使用率同样随着BMI的增高而增加,而吸烟的比例逐渐降低(P<0.01)。结论随着BMI的增加,老年人多种代谢指标异常明显增加,因此对老年超重及肥胖人群应充分关注,加强健康教育,控制体重等心脑血管疾病危险因素,以提高老年人生存质量。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.