6-乙酰氨基-1,2,3,4-四氢-1-萘酮的合成

目的:合成中间体6-乙酰氨基-1,2,3,4-四氢-1-萘酮.方法:以苯甲酰基丙酸为原料,经过硝化、硝基还原、酰化、羰基还原、环合得到6-乙酰氨基-1,2,3,4-四氢-1-萘酮.结果与结论:只需经过5步反应就可以合成目标化合物,总收率14.7%.     

5-硝基水杨酸的制备

水杨酸和硝酸铈铵在90%乙酸中用聚乙二醇-400催化,于50℃反应1.5h得到5-硝基水杨酸,收率63%.     

N-(顺式-4-异丙基环己基-1-甲酰基)-D-苯丙氨酸和N-(反式-4-异丙基环己基-1-甲酰基)-L-苯丙氨酸的合成

目的合成N-(顺式-4-异丙基环己基-1-甲酰基)-D-苯丙氨酸和N-(反式-4-异丙基环己基-1-甲酰基)-L-苯丙氨酸.方法以(4-异丙基)环己基甲酸为原料,在二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)作用下,与N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺反应得到(4-异丙基)环己基甲酸琥珀酰亚胺酯(3),柱色谱分离化合物3得到顺式和反式异构体.顺式体与D-苯丙氨酸甲酯发生酰化反应,碱水解后即得到N-(顺式-4-异丙基环己基-1-甲酰)-D-苯丙氨酸;而反式体与L-苯丙氨酸甲酯发生酰化反应,水解后得到N-(反式-4-异丙基环己基-1-甲酰)-L-苯丙氨酸.结果与讨论成功合成了目标化合物,反应总收率分别为39%和31%.     

3-甲基-4-丁酰胺基-5-硝基苯甲酸甲酯合成方法改进

目的:合成抗高血压药替米沙坦的重要中间体3-甲基-4-丁酰胺基-5-硝基苯甲酸甲酯.方法:以3-甲基-4-胺基苯甲酸甲酯为原料,在氯仿中与丁酰氯反应得-3-甲基-4-丁酰胺基苯甲酸甲酯,将此反应液简单干燥后,直接滴入-10℃～-5℃的95%发烟硝酸中进行硝化.结果:改进了目标化合物3-甲基-4-丁酰胺基-5-硝基苯甲酸甲酯的硝化方法,两步收率达88%.结论:本方法操作简单,可实现连续放大生产,提高了收率和效率.     

4″-烷氧基-1,1':4',1″-三联苯-4-羧酸的合成

目的 制备用于全合成新型卡泊芬净(caspofungin)类环六脂肽抗真菌剂的关键脂肪酸侧链4″-烷氧基-1,1':4',1″-三联苯-4-羧酸(1).方法 以4'-溴-4-羟基-1,1'-联苯(2)为原料,经羟基烃化、溴金属锂交换及硼酸三异丙酯加成异丙酯酸水解、4-碘苯甲酸甲酯的Suzuki偶联及甲酯碱水解4步反应制备目标化合物.结果 以79.5%～93.1%的总收率成功合成了目标化合物1a～1e,其结构经电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)和氢谱(1H NMR)确证.其中,化合物1a和1d为首次报道.结论 该合成路线具有反应时间短、操作简便及收率高等优点.     

氟氧头孢中间体表-噁唑啉并氮杂环丁酮及其对映异构体的合成条件研究

目的:确定合成氟氧头孢关键中间体表-噁唑啉并氮杂环丁酮(A)及其对映异构体噁唑啉并氮杂环丁酮(G)的反应条件。方法:A和G按文献方法分别以6α-苯甲酰基青霉素烷酸二苯甲酯亚砜和6β-苯甲酰基青霉素烷酸二苯甲酯亚砜为原料,三苯基膦为脱硫试剂合成;以收率为指标,确定较佳的反应温度、时间等反应条件。结果:制备得到了化合物A(收率78%,纯度98.1%)和G(收率80%)并经结构表征证实。A的反应条件为:不加酸性催化剂,在80～90℃下反应10h;G的反应条件为:加入酸性催化剂。2种化合物的合成中均应除去生成的水分以使收率提高。结论:以确定的反应条件可得到目标化合物,且适合工业化生产。     

2,N-二甲基-N-(3,3-二苯基丙基)-1-氨基-2-丙醇的合成

目的研究2,N-二甲基-N-(3,3-二苯基丙基)-1-氨基-2-丙醇(1)的合成方法.方法以肉桂酸、氯化亚砜、甲胺等为原料,经烃化、氯化、酰化和还原反应得到N-甲基-3,3-二苯基丙胺(5);以3-氯异丁烯为原料,经加成、水解、环合反应得到环氧异丁烷(7),化合物5与7经烃化反应得到目标产物.结果与结论设计的合成路线以肉桂酸计,5步反应总收率为62.7%,合成路线简便易行,适于大规模制备.所合成的目标产物经ESI-MS和1H-NMR确证.     

2-[4-(2-甲氧基乙基)苯氧基甲基]环氧乙烷的制备

对甲氧乙基苯酚于30%碳酸钾水溶液中,在相转移催化剂PEG400参与下与氯甲基环氧乙烷于90℃反应6h,制得标题化合物,收率87%.     

3-酮基-4-雄甾烯-17β-羧酸甲酯的合成改进

孕烯醇酮乙酸酯经溴仿反应、酯化、沃氏氧化得到非那雄胺的关键中间体3-酮基-4-雄甾烯-17β-羧酸甲酯,其中沃氏氧化用邻硝基苯甲醛为氧化剂,使用催化量异丙醇铝在甲苯中于95℃反应2h即可完成,收率85%.总收率71%.     

4-(2-甲胺基)乙氧基苄胺合成

目的合成4-(2-甲胺基)乙氧基苄胺,以降低生产成本。方法以N,N-二甲基乙醇胺为原料,经氯化、醚化、肟化、氢化反应得到目标化合物。结果成功得到目标化合物,经核磁共振氢谱确证结构正确。结论该方法三步反应总收率65.6%,且反应条件温和,原料廉价易得,适合工业化生产。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.