甲状腺手术中喉返神经的应用解剖研究

目的通过术中喉返神经的观察与测量为甲状腺手术术中喉返神经的定位和保护提供解剖学基础。方法通过术中观察和测量接受甲状腺手术病人的喉返神经的解剖特点及其＂区域解剖变异＂,总结预防喉返神经损伤的措施及保护技巧。结果勾绕动脉后上行的喉返神经多数（62.54%）位于气管外侧缘中下1/3的深面;左侧喉返神经与气管侧壁距离为（5.63±0.58）mm;右侧喉返神经距离为（6.47±0.98）mm。走行于甲状腺背侧叶的喉返神经大部分（63.96%）位于左右侧叶中内2/5。喉返神经分叉大部分（67.14%）位于甲状腺下极的后外下方与甲状腺下极水平距为（0.624±0.021）cm。结论熟悉喉返神经的解剖特点,有选择的进行喉返神经显露,掌握喉返神经的显露技巧,能够有效的预防喉返神经损伤的发生。     

喉返神经在颈部解剖的应用

目的　为甲状腺手术中保护喉返神经提供解剖学基础。方法　解剖 4 5具 (90侧例 )成人颈部尸体标本 ,观测喉返神经及其分支与甲状腺下动脉和甲状腺下极的位置关系。结果　喉返神经在颈根部的横径平均为 1 9mm± 0 4mm。喉返神经在颈部发出 2～ 5支喉外支和 1～ 4支喉支。喉返神经和甲状腺下动脉之间的位置关系 ,左右侧有明显差异。 87 5 %的喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉的交叉点在甲状腺下极平面之上。结论　甲状腺手术中 ,解剖暴露出喉返神经及其分支是避免喉返神经损伤的有效措施     

甲状腺手术中常规显露喉返神经的安全性分析

目的探讨甲状腺手术中常规显露喉返神经的方法及其安全性。方法1458例甲状腺手术中常规显露喉返神经1974侧(其中6例为喉不返神经,均位于右侧),经甲状腺下动脉径路显露1915侧,占97%,经喉返神经入喉处及峡部至气管食管沟径路各显露38侧和21侧,分别占1.9%和1.1%。结果永久性喉返神经损伤7例,占0.5%,暂时性喉返神经损伤24例,占1.6%。结论甲状腺术中常规显露喉返神经是安全的。显露应从甲状腺下动脉附近开始,至神经入喉处全程显露。     

甲状腺肿瘤手术中喉返神经损伤的原因及预防

目的 探讨甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的原因及预防措施。方法 手术治疗272例甲状腺肿瘤患。术中常规显露喉返神经，行甲状腺叶或腺叶 峡部切除术治疗原发灶。对淋巴结转移行功能性清扫术。并观察术后是否发生声带麻痹及喉返神经损伤．结果 全部患手术均获成功。共解剖喉返神经304侧。无1例发生声带麻痹及喉返神经损伤．结论 熟悉喉返神经的解剖及变异，术中常规显露喉返神经。是甲状腺肿瘤手术中预防喉返神经损伤的有效方法。     

甲状腺切除术患者喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉的解剖关系的研究与分析

目的 探讨甲状腺切除术患者喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉的解剖关系.方法 纳入接受甲状腺切除术患者50例,其中45例为甲状腺乳头状癌,5例为良性甲状腺肿.记录喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉的解剖关系.结果 在49.0％的情况下,喉返神经位于甲状腺下动脉前;41.0％的情况下,喉返神经位于甲状腺下动脉后,其余10.0％的病例观察到喉返神经在甲状腺下动脉分支内经过.左、右侧喉返神经与甲状腺动脉位置关系有明显差异,右侧喉返神经多行于动脉之前,左侧喉返神经多行于动脉之后.结论 喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉的解剖学关系高度可变.     

甲状腺良性肿瘤侧叶切除术中预防喉返神经损伤的探讨

目的探讨甲状腺侧叶切除术中喉返神经损伤的原因和预防措施。方法回顾性分析1989～2002年间手术治疗甲状腺良性肿瘤510例的临床资料,全部病例行甲状腺侧叶切除,其中细致解剖40条喉返神经。结果喉返神经损伤11例,损伤率为2.16%,暂时性损伤8例,永久性损伤3例。解剖40条神经发现:喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉关系复杂,多数喉返神经在食管、气管沟行走有偏移或有分支。结论熟悉喉返神经解剖位置及可能变异情况是预防甲状腺手术喉返神经损伤的关键。     

全麻下甲状腺腺叶切除术中喉返神经的解剖与保护

目的 探讨全麻下甲状腺叶切除术中喉返神经的解剖与预防喉返神经损伤的方法.方法 回顾性分析同一医生施行92例甲状腺良性病变病例.其中单侧腺叶切除18例,一侧腺叶切除+对侧部分切除52例,一侧腺叶切除+对侧腺叶次全切22例,观察术后喉返神经损伤情况.结果 无一例暂时性或永久性喉返神经损伤病例.结论 精细解剖基础上+多种解剖喉返神经方法相结合容易解剖喉返神经,从而更好保护喉返神经,防止损伤.     

甲状腺手术中2种显露喉返神经方法的比较

目的: 比较甲状腺手术中采用甲状腺下动脉区显露法和甲状软骨下角区显露法显露喉返神经的效果。方法: 120例甲状腺手术中, 根据术中显露喉返神经的方式不同分为甲状腺下动脉区显露组65例(99条次)和甲状软骨下角区显露组55例(57条次)。分别比较2组寻找喉返神经时间(即游离好甲状腺开始寻找喉返神经至找到的时间)、术中出血量(即寻找喉返神经时的出血量)及术后声音嘶哑发生率。结果: 2种方法寻找喉返神经时间、术中出血量及术后一过性声音嘶哑发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论: 采用甲状腺下动脉区显露法和甲状软骨下角区显露法显露喉返神经均能简便、有效地寻找到喉返神经, 并能够有效保护喉返神经不受损伤, 术中应根据实际情况, 在直视下灵活采用2种方式解剖、寻找喉返神经。     

喉上与喉返神经的临床应用解剖学研究

目的　为甲状腺手术避免神经损伤提供应用解剖学资料。方法　解剖观测 12 0例 (左右各 60例 )成人防腐固定标本。结果　喉上神经外支在平甲状软骨上缘与甲状腺侧叶上极上方约 1 2cm处之间 ,两者距离很近 ,其横径为 0 6± 0 2mm。喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉交叉处横径为 1 4± 0 4mm ,其入喉点至环甲关节 (甲状软骨下角尖 )的距离为 5 2± 1 6mm。喉返神经行于甲状腺下动脉前方者右侧稍多于左侧。左侧沿气管食管沟上行 ,右侧与气管食管沟之夹角为 17 8°± 8 2°。结论　喉上神经外支与甲状腺上动脉关系密切 ,喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉呈交叉或交织关系 ,显露神经的术式 ,术中以气管食管沟、甲状软骨下角等为标志 ,是显露喉返神经简便、安全、实用的方法     

甲状腺手术中预防喉返神经损伤的应用解剖

甲状腺手术中极易损伤喉返神经,单侧喉返神经损伤可引起声音嘶哑,双侧喉返神经损伤则可造成声门裂闭合,甚至窒息死亡。因此掌握其应用解剖对预防术中喉返神经损伤有重要意义。我们在局部解剖学教学过程中对37例74侧成人尸体的喉返神经进行了解剖与观测,希望对临床甲状腺手术中保护喉返神经有参考意义。现将结果报道如下。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.