彩色多普勒能量图在烟雾病诊断中的价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒能量图（ＣＤＥ） 对烟雾病的诊断价值。方法　对１７例经ＤＳＡ确诊的烟雾病患者及２５例健康对照者大脑前、中、后动脉（ＡＣＡ、ＭＣＡ、ＰＣＡ）、颈总、颈内、颈外动脉（ＣＣＡ、ＩＣＡ、ＥＣＡ）以及颞浅动脉（ＴＳＡ）的阻力指数（ＲＩ）、搏动指数（ＰＩ）及平均血流速度（Ｖｍ ）进行检测分析。结果　①ＣＤＥ对颅内血管狭窄及闭塞的正确诊断率为８７．２５％ ; ②烟雾病患者颅外血管ＣＣＡ、ＩＣＡ表现为流速下降, 阻力升高, 而ＴＳＡ恰恰相反; ③ＣＤＥ显示１０例患者颅底异常血管网, 即对５８．８２％ 的患者做出烟雾病诊断。结论　ＣＤＥ可将烟雾血管显示为星星点点的血流信号, 在烟雾病的诊断中具有较高的临床应用价值。     

彩色及能量多普勒超声对烟雾病的脑血流动力学研究

本文通过ＣＤＦＩ及ＣＤＥ技术对１２例经ＤＳＡ证实的烟雾病患者及２２例健康对照者的大脑前、中、后动脉（ＡＣＡ、ＭＣＡ、ＰＣＡ）及颈总、颈外、颈内动脉（ＣＣＡ、ＥＣＡ、ＩＣＡ）及颞浅动脉（ＴＳＡ）的阻力指数（ＲＩ）、搏动指数（ＰＩ）、时间平均速度（Ｖｍ）、收缩期峰值速度／舒张期最小速度（Ｓ／Ｄ）进行观察分析。结果显示：（１）、烟雾病患者的正常ＰＣＡ较正常人的ＰＣＡ阻力明显下降，流速明显升高，（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）、烟雾病患者ＣＣＡ、ＩＣＡ较正常人阻力明显升高，流速明显降低，而其ＴＳＡ正好相反，（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（３）、儿童型患者ＰＣＡ病变发生率较成人型明显增高，分别为６０％和７％，（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（４）、利用ＣＤＥ技术，可以发现烟雾血管呈点状分布，并能测出其低速、低阻的血流。     

经颅多普勒超声对烟雾病患者脑硬脑膜动脉血管融通术疗效判定的研究

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对烟雾病患者行脑硬脑膜动脉血管融通术(EDAS)前后颅内及颅外动脉血流变化的评估价值.方法 对23例烟雾病患者行EDAS,并于手术前后行TCD检查,检测手术前后患者颞浅动脉的频谱形态及各项血流参数的变化,并与数字减影血管造影(DSA)结果进行比较.结果 TCD检测示术前患者的颞浅动脉呈典型颅外动脉频谱,频窗清晰;术后频谱明显颅内动脉化,血流速度明显增加,血供增加.术后患者颞浅动脉收缩期血流速度、舒张末期血流速度及平均血流速度较术前明显增加,搏动指数明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后复查DSA显示,良好13例,中等8例,差2例.复查TCD显示良好11例,中等7例,差3例,与DSA总符合率为86.95％(20/23).结论 TCD能够准确检测烟雾病患者行EDAS前后颞浅动脉血流动力学的变化,可为其手术疗效的评估提供一定的客观依据.     

烟雾病的经颅多普勒超声研究

目的通过经颅多普勒超声（TCD）研究不同病变程度烟雾病的血流动力学参数。方法将经数字减影血管造影和／或核磁共振血管造影确诊的烟雾病患者21例,根据Suzuki脑血管造影对烟雾病分期,评估TCD所测患者大脑中动脉平均血流速度（Vm）和搏动指数。结果不同分期的烟雾病患者TCD表现不一;侧支代偿主要有后交通动脉侧支开放（71．4％）,颈外动脉系统侧支开放（66．7％）。大脑中动脉在Ⅱ期大脑中动脉Vm高于Ⅰ期（P〈0．05）,搏动指数低于Ⅰ期;Ⅲ期眼动脉的搏动指数均低于Ⅰ～Ⅱ期（P〈0．05）;基底动脉随病程进展Vm增快（P〈0．05）。结论TCD可以使影像学观察到的烟雾病分类更精确,从而能更好地判断烟雾病的严重程度或病变血管的程度以及代偿情况。     

超声在烟雾病颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉吻合术的应用研究

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声评价烟雾病颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉吻合术手术疗效的应用价值.方法 25例烟雾病颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉吻合术患者,手术前及术后1周探测双侧颈外动脉、颞浅动脉收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV)、搏动指数(PI)及阻力指数(RI),并比较手术前后颈外动脉、颞浅动脉的血流参数变化情况.25例患者手术前及手术后1周行DSA检查,依据术后颞浅动脉向大脑中动脉分流程度分为大量、中等量及少量,比较不同组间颞浅动脉PSV、EDV、PI、RI.术后应用彩色多普勒超声沿手术切口追踪颞浅动脉全程,观察颞浅动脉血流方向及走行.结果 ①术后颈外动脉PSV、EDV较术前增快,PI、RI较术前降低,但差异无统计学意义.②术后颞浅动脉PSV、EDV较术前明显增快,PI、RI较术前显著减低.③术后DSA所示颞浅动脉向大脑中动脉分流量越大,颞浅动脉PSV、EDV越高,PI、RI越低.④术后彩色多普勒超声可追踪颞浅动脉全程,并在颞浅动脉入颅处探测到其血流方向由颅外流向颅内.结论 彩色多普勒超声可以评价吻合血管通畅性及分流程度,且与DSA有较好的一致性,可作为无创性评价颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉吻合术手术疗效的方法.     

TCD对烟雾病的脑血流检测分析

烟雾病是由于先天性或获得性各种脑血管疾病引起颅底动脉异常血管网形成导致的脑血管病理改变。通过对５０００例患者的脑血流检查获得了１５例烟雾病患者的颅内、外动脉的血流动力学变化特征，提出采用无创的ＴＣＤ检查手段，对烟雾病患者的脑血流追踪观察，达到早期诊断烟雾病的目的，具有重要的临床意义。     

一例复杂烟雾病患者行颈外动脉内膜剥脱术联合颅内外血管搭桥术的手术配合

烟雾病(moyamoyadiease,MMD)又称脑底异常血管网病,是以双侧颈内动脉末端及(或)大脑前、中动脉起始段狭窄或闭塞,颅底小血管代偿增生形成异常血管网为特征的一种慢性进展性脑血管病[ ],病因目前仍不清楚,临床分型为缺血型和出血型。烟雾病的外科治疗主要是颅内外血管搭桥术(extracranial-intracranial bypass,EC-IC bypass),目的是将颅外动脉的血液引向颅内动脉的分支,改善颅内缺血部位血供,降低再次发生脑梗死、脑出血的概率,从而改善患者预后[2]。现最常用术式为颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥(STA-MCA),颞浅动脉为颈外动脉的分支,颅内外血管搭桥术要求颈动脉血管无阻塞通畅,而颈动脉内膜增厚使管腔狭窄≥50％就可能发生血流动力学的改变[3],因此颈动脉内膜剥脱术(Carotid endarteretomy,CEA)是治疗管腔狭窄的标准手术,也是血管搭桥手术成功的重要因素。2016年5月我院手术室对一例烟雾病合并颈外动脉狭窄患者成功实施颈外动脉内膜剥脱术联合颅内外学管搭桥术,效果满意,现报道如下：     

超声评价不同级别高血压颅内、外段血管血流动力学改变特点

目的 探讨不同级别的原发性高血压患者颈内动脉系和椎-基底动脉系颅内、外段血管血流动力学变化的特点及相关性。方法 将160例原发性高血压患者按照高血压分级分为1~3级高血压组,另选正常对照组50名。采用经颅多普勒超声及彩色多普勒血流显像分别对各组颈内动脉系颅外段的颈内动脉和颅内段的大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉,以及椎-基底动脉系的颅外段椎动脉₂和颅内段的大脑后动脉、椎动脉₁和基底动脉的收缩期峰值流速（PSV）、舒张末期流速（EDV）、血管搏动指数（PI）和阻力指数（RI）进行检测。结果 颈内动脉系和椎-基底动脉系均随着高血压分级的增加,PSV和EDV减低,PI和RI增加。颈内动脉系的PSV和EDV在2级高血压组减低,椎-基底动脉系在1级高血压组EDV减低,RI增加。椎-基底动脉系除3级高血压组的颅内段大脑后动脉和颅外段椎动脉₂的PI及RI呈负相关外,两系的2级和3级高血压组的颅内、外参数相关均呈正相关。结论 2级高血压患者颈内动脉系PSV和EDV降低,1级高血压患者椎-基底动脉系EDV降低和RI增高。颅内、外血管的血流动力学指标仅在2级高血压以上有相关性。     

颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞后颅内循环的经颅多普勒超声分析

目的:应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞的颅内血流动力学进行分析。方法:采用64层螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)筛查单侧重度颈动脉狭窄或闭塞的患者,用TCD对颅内动脉的血流动力学改变进行评价。结果:(1)重度颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞病变同侧的大脑中动脉平均血流速度和搏动指数均低于对侧。(2)侧支循环开放形成,前交通动脉开放占63.5%,后交通动脉开放占46%,颈内外动脉开放占44%。结论:重度颈内动脉颅外段狭窄或闭塞使同侧半球血流速度下降,侧支循环建立,TCD与CTA从不同角度对颈动脉病变提供诊断治疗依据。     

头晕或眩晕患者TCD检测血管狭窄率分析

目的：分析头晕、眩晕患者的颅内外血管狭窄的发生率及其与高血压、糖尿病及年龄的关系。方法：通过ＴＣＤ检测２１５９例以头晕、眩晕症状就诊患者的颅内外血管狭窄率。结果：头晕患者血管狭窄率为１３．４２％,眩晕患者血管狭窄率为１７．３５％,两组间比较有显著差异（ｐ＜０．０５）,且眩晕组椎－基底动脉狭窄率明显高于头晕组（ｐ＜０．０００）,两组患者血流速度减低率分别为９．１６％、６．８５％,无显著差异（ｐ＞０．０５）。两组患者中１０７例颅外血管狭窄,２０８例颅内血管狭窄。前循环血管狭窄１７３例、２８例后循环狭窄。诊断为Ｍｏｙａｍｏｙａ病患者３例,锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者３３例。高血压患者颅内血管狭窄较常见。而糖尿病患者颈动脉系统及颅外各血管受累多见。年龄因素对颅内外各血管的狭窄及血汉速度减低均有相关性。结论：我们认为眩晕患者椎基底动脉狭窄的发生率明显高于头晕患者。两组患者血流速度减低率以后循环为主。血管狭窄以前循环及颅内血管更常见     

2型糖尿病患者颅内、颈部、下肢动脉粥样硬化性病变的超声研究

目的评估2型糖尿病患者同一个体颅内动脉、颈动脉、下肢动脉病变的超声检测特征。方法收集2008年9月至2009年8月确诊为2型糖尿病的住院患者354例,应用经颅多普勒(TCD)、CDFI对颅内动脉、颈动脉、下肢动脉进行检测,分析糖尿病患者动脉内-中膜厚度、斑块的形成、管腔狭窄及闭塞的发生率、发病特征,观察单一个体不同部位发病的差异。结果糖尿病患者同一个体不同部位动脉硬化病变特点:(1)颈动脉内中膜增厚发生率、斑块发生率均高于下肢动脉,两者差异有统计学意义。但斑块形成特点一致,均以多发斑块居多,以钙化性强回声斑块为主,形态以规则型为主。(2)动脉狭窄以颅内动脉最高发,颅内动脉与颈部动脉、下肢动脉病变的发生率比较均有显著性差异,而颈部动脉与下肢动脉狭窄率比较,差异无统计学意义。(3)颅内动脉狭窄特点以多支动脉的轻度狭窄为主,前循环狭窄发生率高于后循环,并以大脑中动脉最为高发。(4)下肢动脉斑块的发生率以股总动脉最常见,而管腔狭窄、闭塞则以膝以下末梢动脉受累最为明显。结论联合应用CDFI与TCD能对2型糖尿病血管病变进行形态学评价,对预测和预防糖尿病患者脑血管、下肢血管并发症的发生有临床实际意义。     

Noninvasive two-dimensional strain imaging of arteries: validation in phantoms and preliminary experience in carotid arteries in vivo

Cardiac disease and stroke are the major causes of death in the Western World. Atherosclerosis of the carotid artery is the most important predictor of stroke. Elastography is a technique to assess the composition and vulnerability of an atherosclerotic plaque. Contrary to intravascular applications, the ultrasound beam and radial strain are not aligned in noninvasive acquisitions. In this study, 2D displacement and strain images were determined and used to calculate the radial and circumferential strain. Rf-data were acquired using a Philips SONOS 7500 live 3D ultrasound system, equipped with an 11_3L (3 to 11 MHz) linear array transducer and rf-interface. A homogeneous, hollow cylinder phantom [20% gelatin, 1% SiC scatterers (10 microM)] was measured in a water tank at different intraluminal pressures. In addition, measurements in patients (n = 12) were made to evaluate the in vivo applicability of the technique. Longitudinal and cross-sectional recordings were made, both in phantoms and patients. Strain along the ultrasound beam (axial strain) was determined using cross-correlation analysis for signal-windows from both the pre- and post-compression data. For lateral strain, new ultrasound lines were generated between the acquired lines using interpolation. A cross-correlation based search algorithm was applied to determine lateral displacement and strain. Longitudinal axial strain images in the phantom showed a decreasing strain from the lumen- vessel wall interface to the outer region that can be described by a 1 over r(2) relationship. The lateral strain image showed no strain in this direction indicating a plane strain situation. In the cross-sectional view, compression of the material in regions at 12 and 6 o'clock was observed, whereas expansion was observed in regions at 3 and 9 o'clock. This pattern is in accordance with theory, but can only be partly corrected for: in the transition regions, zero axial strain was measured. The lateral strain image showed a complementary pattern. In patients, low strain was observed in nonatherosclerotic artery walls. High and low strain regions were found in atherosclerotic plaques. High quality elastograms were generated both in longitudinal and cross-sectional views. In conclusion, 2D noninvasive elastography of atherosclerotic carotid plaques is feasible. Phantom studies revealed elastograms in accordance with theory. Additional in vivo validation is needed to assess the value of this technique for identifying plaque vulnerability and composition.     

Endothelium-dependent relaxations in human arteries

Experiments were designed to study endothelium-dependent relaxations in human renal arteries (N = 13) and peripheral arteries (N = 8) suspended in organ chambers for isometric tension recording. In contracted arterial rings, acetylcholine caused endothelium-dependent relaxations that were not inhibited by indomethacin in either artery but were significantly augmented in the renal artery. Adenosine diphosphate and thrombin caused endothelium-dependent relaxations in renal but not in peripheral arteries. This finding suggests a heterogeneity of endothelium-dependent relaxations in human arteries and indicates that the relaxations are mediated by the release of an endothelium-derived relaxing factor (or factors) rather than the release of prostacyclin.     

Spasm in ectatic coronary arteries

Patients with ectatic coronary arteries often have occlusion of the affected arteries. Because ectatic arteries are considered to have medial damage, they are normally assumed to have little capacity to constrict; therefore, spasm has not been considered a factor in the occlusive process. In two patients who had diffuse coronary ectasia, no appreciable stenosis, and angina pectoris, we found that the ectatic arteries indeed had an augmented vasoconstrictor response to ergonovine. This finding indicates that some ectatic arteries have a sufficient amount of smooth muscle to cause coronary spasm and may produce symptoms of coronary disease by causing recurrent arterial spasm.     

Radiative transport in large arteries

A refined model for the photon energy distribution in a living artery is established by solving the radiative transfer equation in a cylindrical geometry, using the Monte Carlo method. Combining this model with the most recent experimental values for the optical properties of flowing blood and the biomechanics of a blood-filled artery subject to a pulsatile pressure, we find that the optical intensity transmitted through large arteries decreases linearly with increasing arterial distension. This finding provides a solid theoretical foundation for measuring photoplethysmograms.OCIS codes: (170.3660) Light propagation in tissues, (170.7050) Turbid media, (170.4580) Optical diagnostics for medicine, (170.3890) Medical optics instrumentation     

颈动脉超声检测对冠心病及其危险因素的临床意义

目的探讨颈动脉超声检查结果与冠心病及其危险因素的临床关系。方法研究对象经选择性冠状动脉造影(CAG)分为单支病变组、双支病变组和三支病变组,观察冠心病危险因素与冠状动脉病变支数、颈动脉超声的关系以及CAG结果与颈动脉超声的关系。结果三支病变组收缩压、脉压、总胆固醇、血糖高于双支和单支病变组(P<0.05);高危险因素组颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)、阻力指数(RI)明显大于低危险因素组(P<0.05);三支病变组IMT与斑块指数(PI)高于双支和单支病变组(P<0.05)。结论颈动脉超声检查可预测冠状动脉病变的严重程度和筛查冠心病的高危患者。     

Flow-area relationship in internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Subject-specific computational and experimental models of hemodynamics in cerebral aneurysms require the specification of physiologic flow conditions. Because patient-specific flow data are not always available, researchers have used 'typical' or population average flow rates and waveforms. However, in order to be able to compare the magnitude of hemodynamic variables between different aneurysms or groups of aneurysms (e.g. ruptured versus unruptured) it is necessary to scale the flow rates to the area of the inflow artery. In this work, a relationship between flow rates and vessel areas is derived from phase-contrast magnetic resonance measurements in the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries of normal subjects.