佐匹克隆片人体相对生物利用度与生物等效性研究

目的考察佐匹克隆片受试制剂和参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂生物等效性。方法采用两制剂双周期交叉试验方法,20例男性健康受试者分别口服佐匹克隆片受试制剂或参比制剂15 mg,高效液相色谱荧光检测法检测血浆佐匹克隆浓度,DAS2.1药动学软件分析,并作生物等效性评价。结果受试制剂与参比制剂t1/2 分别为（4.93±2.45）和（5.46±2.51） h;Cmax分别为 （101.18±23.47）和（105.39±35.21） ng•mL－1;tmax分别为（1.60±1.16）和（1.64±1.35） h;AUC0 24分别为（612.66±157.35）和（617.27±207.11） ng•h•mL－1;AUC0 ∞分别为（664.88±160.27）和（679.12±223.75） ng•h•mL－1。根据AUC0 t计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度F0 t为（105.1±28.9）%。结论两种佐匹克隆片生物等效。     

烟酸缓释片的生物等效性研究

目的建立烟酸血浆浓度测定法,并进行该药的生物等效性研究。方法采用随机双交叉设计,30例健康受试者口服国产烟酸缓释片（受试制剂）和进口烟酸缓释片（参比制剂）各1 500 mg,采用高效液相色谱 质谱串联法测定血浆中烟酸浓度。结果受试制剂与参比制剂的药 时曲线下面积（area under the curve,AUC0→15）分别为（20 046.1±16 286.8）和（21 605.0±18 058.5）ng•h•mL 1,AUC0→∞分别为（20 806.0±16 300.7）和（22 811.2±18 468.3）ng•h•mL 1;Cmax分别为（8 716.3±6 811.2）和（9 570.2±8 217.1）ng•mL 1;tmax分别为（4.414±1.337）和（4.310±1.285） h;t1/2分别为（4.000±4.898）和（2.906±3.393） h。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（96.6±30.9）%。结论国产烟酸缓释片与进口烟酸缓释片具有生物等效性。     

盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片的 相对生物利用度与生物等效性研究

［摘要］目的研究盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片在健康人体的相对生物利用度。 方法健康男性志愿者18例，随机分为两组各9例，单次、 交叉口服供试制剂盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片或参比制剂盐酸氨溴索片各90 mg后，以高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定血浆中盐酸氨溴索的浓度，计算药动学参数及相对生物利用度，评价其生物等效性。 结果18例受试者口服盐酸氨溴索供试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数：tmax分别为（1.3±0.6）和（1.5±0.9） h；Cmax分别为（195.20±57.24）和（177.80±50.33 ） ng•mL 1；t1/2分别为（6.69±1.75）和（6.91±1.57） h；AUC0 24分别为（1 186.54±321.35）和（1 215.64±368.93） ng•h-1•mL 1，AUC0 ∞分别为（1 375.05 ±388.37）和（1 371.22±419.52） ng•h-1•mL 1，供试制剂的相对生物利用度为（102.1±29.8）%。 结论盐酸氨溴索两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊人体相对生物利用度与生物等效性研究

目的建立一种灵敏、准确的高效液相色谱紫外检测法（HPLC UV）,研究奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊受试制剂与参比制剂人体生物等效性及生物利用度。方法20例健康男性受试者随机交叉实验,分别单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊40 mg,采用高效液相色谱紫外检测法测定血浆奥美拉唑浓度,采用DAS2.0程序进行药动学参数计算。结果受试制剂和参比制剂Cmax分别为(1 176.26±622.48)和(1 278.19±733.30) ng•mL 1,AUC0→t分别为（3 514.80±3 353.86）和(3 800.49±3 566.14) ng•mL 1•h，AUC0→∞分别为(3 696.12±3 667.41)和（4 017.86±3 925.34） ng•mL 1•h ,tmax分别为(2.65±0.93 )和(2.45±0.94) h，各参数间比较均差异无显著性（均P＞0.05）。结论两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

亚叶酸钙分散片人体药动学与生物等效性研究

目的 评价两种亚叶酸钙制剂在健康人体内的药动学和生物等效性. 方法 18例男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服两种亚叶酸钙分散片, 采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定血浆中药物浓度, 通过方差分析和双向单侧t检验比较两种分散片药时曲线下面积AUC0～12. 结果受试制剂和参比制剂的tmax均为(1.5±0.0)h, Cmax分别为(2 295.51±368.93)和(2 139.53±189.67)ng•mL 1, t1/2分别为(2.19±0.16)h和(2.23±0.17)h, 药时曲线下面积AUC0～12分别为(6 202.09±229.90)ng•mL 1•h和(6 185.32±191.47)ng•mL 1•h, AUC0 ∞分别为(6 478.43±250.69)ng•mL 1•h和(6 478.63±248.10)ng•mL 1•h. 结论两种亚叶酸钙分散片生物等效, 相对生物利用度为(100.13±5.39)%.     

富马酸比索洛尔分散片 人体药动学与生物等效性研究

［摘要］目的研究富马酸比索洛尔分散片在健康人体内的药动学，评价两种制剂的生物等效性。方法采用随机自身交叉双周期设计方法，将20例健康男性受试者随机分为两组各10例，分别单次交叉口服等剂量比索洛尔供试制剂或参比制剂10 mg ，采用高效液相色谱 荧光检测法测定血浆中比索洛尔的浓度，计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度，评价两制剂的生物等效性。结果供试制剂和参比制剂比索洛尔实测AUC0～48 h分别为（628.04 ±136.61）和（641.24 ±161.20） ng•h•mL 1 ，Cmax 分别为（46.78±12.03 ）和（47.91±12.74） ng•mL 1 ，tmax 分别为（2.4±0.8 ）和（2.1± 0.8） h，t1/2分别为（9.97±1.70 ） 和（9.71±1.23） h。供试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为（103.1±30.8）%。结论比索洛尔供试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的人体相对生物利用度与生物等效性研究

目的建立测定血浆奥美拉唑浓度的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,研究奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的相对生物利用度及其生物等效性。方法按两制剂双周期自身对照交叉试验设计, 男性健康志愿者20例,分别单剂量口服2种国产奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊,用HPLC法测定血药浓度,计算药动学参数,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果口服奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊参比制剂及受试制剂40 mg后的主要药动学参数：峰浓度（Cmax）分别为（906.01±589.55）和（875.87±662.95） ng•mL 1 ;达峰时间（tmax）分别为（2.21±0. 88）和（2.07±0. 87） h;血药浓度 时间曲线下面积（AUC0 12）分别为（1 778.70±1 164.11）和（1 834.25±1 342.25） ng•h•mL 1;半衰期（t1/2Ke）分别为（ 0.96 ±0.25）和（0.85 ±0.18） h。受试制剂对参比制剂平均相对生物利用度F0→12为（104.02 ±13.60 ）%。结论该两种奥美拉唑胶囊生物等效。     

盐酸西替利嗪咀嚼片生物等效性研究

目的研究盐酸西替利嗪咀嚼片人体相对生物利用度,并评价其生物等效性。方法采用两周期自身对照交叉试验设计,单剂量口服给药,高效液相色谱-紫外（HPLC-UV）法测定血浆盐酸西替利嗪浓度,DAS2.0软件处理血药浓度数据并计算参数,评价生物等效性。结果单剂量口服受试制剂盐酸西替利嗪咀嚼片和参比制剂盐酸西替利嗪片20 mg,血药浓度 时间曲线下面积（AUC0→t）分别为（5.814±1.454）,（5.802±1.028） μg•mL－1•h;AUC0→∞分别（6.358±1.617）,（6.236±1.186） μg•mL－1•h;Cmax分别为（0.749±0.149）,（0.716±0.153） μg•mL－1;tmax分别为（0.819±0.391）和（1.000±0.429） h;t1/2分别为（7.332±0.199）和（7.375±1.420） h;相对生物利用度（99.9±17.5）%。结论所建立的血浆盐酸西替利嗪浓度检测方法可满足相对生物利用度试验方法学要求,受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效     

兰索拉唑片的生物等效性研究

［摘要］目的建立反相高效液相色谱法测定兰索拉唑的血浆浓度,并研究其生物等效性。方法以Agilent C18 （250 mm×5 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱;流动相为乙腈 1‰三乙胺水溶液（pH=7.0）（30：70）,流速1.0 mL• min 1,进样量为20 μL,内标为奥美拉唑。血浆样品经乙酸乙酯提取后于285 nm紫外光检测。结果20例健康受试者单次口服兰索拉唑片后,受试制剂与参比制剂的血浆中兰索拉唑的半衰期（t1/2）分别为 （2.19±0.49）和（2.38± 0.48） h,达峰时间（tmax ）分别为（2.52±0.80）和（2.82±0.69） h,血药峰浓度（Cmax）分别为 （854.82±249.70）和（813.22±289.59） ng•mL 1,血药浓度 时间曲线下面积（AUC0 12 h）分别为 （3 513.00±742.25）和（3 779.90±1 191.52） μg•h•mL 1,AUC（0 ∞）分别为（3 742.64±749.85）和（4 078.54±1 171.17） μg•h•mL 1。结论两种制剂的兰索拉唑片具有生物等效性。     

头孢地尼分散片人体药动学与生物等效性研究

目的考察头孢地尼分散片的健康人体相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。方法采用随机交叉试验设计,20例男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服受试制剂与参比制剂各100 mg。采用高效液相色谱紫外法测定血浆头孢地尼浓度,用DAS 2.0统计软件计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性评价。结果受试制剂与参比制剂Cmax分别为（0.920±0.236）和（0.907±0.216） μg• mL 1,tmax分别为（3.375±0.944）和（3.625±0.825） h;t1/ 2分别为（1.826±0.600）和（1.910±0.597） h;AUC0 10分别为（4.305±1.080）和（4.392±1.224）μg•h•mL 1,AUC0 ∞分别为（4.632±1.147）和（4.803±1.325） μg•h•mL 1;受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为（101.0±23.2）%。结论两制剂具有生物等效性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.