腹腔镜胃癌全胃切除术

目的 探讨腹腔镜下胃癌全胃切除术的可行性、方法和效果.方法 回顾性分析行腹腔镜下全胃切除术的63例胃癌患者的f临床资料,探讨手术方法,观察术后疗效.结果 腹腔镜下根治性全胃切除52例,姑息性全胃切除5例.前期45例在小切H直视下行食管空肠吻合,后期12例在腹腔镜下行食管空肠吻合.中转开腹6例.手术用时(312±35)min,术中出血量(190±50)ml,清扫淋巴结(32±7)枚,术后患者胃肠功能恢复时间(4.0 ±1.2)d,进食时间(4.5±1.5)d,下床活动时间(4.0±1.5)d.5例出现手术相关并发症,术后近期效果良好.结论 腹腔镜胃癌全胃切除术安全可行,创伤小,术后恢复快,能够达到与开腹手术相当的根治范围.     

腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术 71例临床报告

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术的安全性及可行性.方法 71例胃癌患者行腹腔镜辅助下根治性胃切除术,其中根治性全胃切除术 8例,近端胃大部切除术 16例,近端胃大部联合脾脏切除术 3例,远端胃大部切除术 44例.结果 71例患者,除 2例中转开腹外,其余 69例均成功进行腹腔镜手术.手术用时全胃切除 (343± 52)min,近端胃切除 (268± 62) min,近端胃切除联合脾脏切除 (312± 64) min,远端胃切除 (283± 44)min.术中出血量全胃切除 (267± 220)ml,近端胃切除 (150± 103)ml,近端胃联合脾脏切除 (333± 116)ml,远端胃切除 (139± 84)ml.清扫淋巴结 (34.3± 11.8)枚 /例.术后患者平均胃肠功能恢复时间 (4.1± 1.1)d,下床活动时间 (3.5± 1.0)d,进流质时间 (5.0± 1.2)d.术后近期效果良好.结论 腹腔镜胃癌根治术安全、可行,能够达到与开腹手术相当的根治效果,且具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点.     

腹腔镜下残胃癌及残胃复发癌的外科治疗

目的探讨残胃癌及残胃复发癌腹腔镜手术治疗的可行性。方法对4例残胃癌和4例残胃复发癌病人行腹腔镜手术切除，分析手术的方式、方法、难点及技术要领。结果在腹腔镜下完成根治性全胃切除6例，行姑息性全胃切除1例，中转开腹1例。腹腔镜手术平均用时（310±50）min，术中平均出血量（190±80）ml，清扫淋巴结平均数量（17．5±6）枚。术后胃肠恢复时间平均（3．5±1．5）d，进食时间平均（3．5±1．5）d，下床活动时间平均（4±1．5）d。无手术并发症。随访时间4～13个月，发生肝脏转移死亡1例，余7例病人仍生存。结论残胃癌和残胃复发癌在腹腔镜行手术切除技术上是可行的，创伤比开腹手术小，恢复快。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术8例报告

目的：探讨腹腔镜胃癌根治术的可行性。方法2005年2～4月行腹腔镜胃癌根治术8例，其中远端胃根治性切除6例，根治性全胃切除和近端胃根治性切除各1例。结果：8例均在腹腔镜下完成手术，无中转开腹手术。远端胃根治性切除术时间（340±62）min，近端胃根治性切除362min，全胃根治性切除423min。术中出血量：远端胃根治性切除术100～250ml，平均140ml；全胃根治性切除术300ml；近端胃根治性切除170ml，术中均未输血。清扫淋巴结18～37枚，平均23枚。无手术并发症。排气时间38～56h，平均42．4h；进流食时间2～5d，平均2．5d。8例术后随访12～14个月，无复发和转移。结论：早期及较早的进展期胃癌行腹腔镜根治手术是可行的。     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术105例

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的安全性及可行性。方法对105例胃恶性肿瘤患者行腹腔镜辅助根治性胃切除术,其中根治性全胃切除术7例,近端胃大部切除术27例,近端胃大部联合脾脏切除术3例,远端胃大部切除术68例。结果 105例手术均获成功。手术时间:全胃切除术300～435min,平均(38l±91)min;近端胃切除术212～390 min,平均(279±73)min;近端胃切除联合脾脏切除术265～405 min,平均(312±64)min;远端胃切除术230～360 min,平均(281±69)min。术中出血量:全胃切除术20～900 ml,平均(260±202)ml;近端胃切除术20～400 ml,平均(200±153)ml;近端胃联合脾脏切除术200～400 ml,平均(333±116)ml;远端胃切除术20～450 ml,平均(140±82)ml。平均清扫淋巴结(34.2±20.5)枚。术后胃肠功能恢复时间平均(3.5±1.4)d,下床活动时间平均(3.0±1.6)d,进流食时间平均(4.9±1.7)d。术后近期效果良好。结论腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术安全可行,且具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点。     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术28例临床分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的安全性和可行性。方法：对28例胃癌患者进行腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术,其中根治性全胃切除术3例,近端胃大部切除术3例,远端胃大部切除术22例;淋巴结清除D1式7例,D2式21例。结果：28例均成功完成腹腔镜手术。平均手术时间：全胃切除（182.4±32.2）min,近端胃切除（162.7±27.5）min,远端胃切除（152.3±29.2）min。平均术中出血量：全胃切除（137.5±72.1）mL,近端胃切除（129.6±86.3）mL,远端胃切除（157.2±74.7）mL。清除淋巴结数平均（17.1±5.3）枚/例。术后平均胃肠功能恢复时间（3.2±0.5）d。术后无吻合口出血、吻合口瘘、吻合口梗阻、十二指肠残端瘘等并发症。术后住院时间平均（7.2±1.5）d。结论：腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术安全、可行;严格遵守肿瘤的手术原则,腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术能够保持肿瘤的根治性,同时能体现手术的微创性。     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术24例

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的效果。方法2009年1月～2011年12月,行腹腔镜辅助根治性胃切除术24例。腹腔镜下探查腹腔、清除大网膜及预定范围的淋巴结,通过上腹部小切口完成胃肿瘤切除和胃肠重建。结果中转开腹手术1例。余23例完成腹腔镜手术,其中根治性全胃切除术6例,近端胃大部切除术3例,远端胃大部切除术14例。手术时间全胃（171．0±32．5）min,近端胃130、185及210min,远端胃（137．2±40．2）min。术中出血量：全胃（260±80）ml,近端胃190、220、250ml,远端胃（190±50）ml。清除淋巴结（18．4±4．3）枚。术后排气时间（1．4±0．8）d。术后住院时间（12．0±3．4）d。术后随访12～24个月,平均16．3月。复发率21．7％（5／23）。结论腹腔镜胃癌根治术可行、可靠,能够达到与开腹手术相当的根治效果,且具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点。     

腹腔镜与开腹全子宫切除术的比较

目的 探讨腹腔镜全子宫切除（total laparoscopic hysterrectomy,TLH）的临床价值. 方法回顾分析我院2005年11月～2006年10月38例TLH与40例开腹全子宫切除术的临床资料,比较2种手术方式手术时间、术中出血量、术后病率、肠功能恢复、住院日情况. 结果 腹腔镜组手术时间（85.8±13.8）min明显短于开腹组（99.9±9.3 ）min（t=-5.293,P=0.000）;腹腔镜组出血量（105.8±32.4）ml明显少于开腹组（166.0±67.4）ml （t=-4.930, P=0.000）;腹腔镜组术后病率3例明显少于开腹组15例（χ^2=9.270, P=0.002）;腹腔镜组术后排气时间（26.2±4.2）h明显短于开腹组（40.5±4.9）h （t=-13.601, P=0.000）;腹腔镜组术后住院时间（6.8±0.9）d明显短于开腹组（10.6±0.8）d （t=-19.612, P=0.000）.术后6个月随访开腹组2例切口愈合不良,2例阴道残端肉芽增生,腹腔镜组1例阴道残端肉芽增生,余无并发症. 结论腹腔镜全子宫切除较开腹全子宫切除的优势明显,如果腹腔镜下操作技巧熟练,腹腔镜全子宫切除是一种理想的术式.     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术的临床应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜胃癌根治术的可行性和效果。方法：为20例胃癌患者行腹腔镜胃癌根治术,其中根治性远侧胃次全切除术18例;根治性全胃切除术2例。结果：1例中转开腹,1例改行经胸食管空肠吻合,余者行腹腔镜胃癌根治术均获成功。平均手术时间270min（210～380min）,平均出血量185ml（80～350ml）,平均清扫淋巴结21.5枚（13～29枚）,平均肛门排气时间2.5d（1～4d）。结论：腹腔镜胃癌根治术是安全可行的,能获得与开腹手术相当的根治效果。     

腹腔镜辅助下根治胃癌的23例临床报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜下辅助根治胃癌的可行性、方法和效果。方法:临床分析行腹腔镜根治术的胃癌病23例,包括全胃切除术3例,近端胃大部切除术4例,远端胃大部切除术16例。结果:23例中,除2例中转开腹外,其余21例均成功地进行腹腔镜手术。手术平均时间:全胃切除401(340～475)min,近端胃切除254.3(212～340)min,远端胃切除318.5(270～377)min。术中平均出血量:全胃切除650(400～900)ml,近端胃切除125(50～200)ml,远端胃切除170(100～300)ml。每例平均清扫淋巴结18.3(8～41)枚。术后病人平均胃肠功能恢复时间为3.5(2～5)d,下床活动时间为3.4(2～5)d,进流质时间4.5(3～6)d;术后近期恢复良好。结论:腹腔镜胃癌根治术安全、可行,能够达到与开腹手术相当的根治效果,且有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.