高效液相色谱法测定注射用唑来膦酸的含量及有关物质

目的:建立了测定注射用唑来膦酸的含量及有关物质的反相高效液相色谱法。方法:采用C18柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-四氢呋喃-0．05 mol·L-1磷酸氢二铵(4:1:100,磷酸调节pH值2．55)为流动相用于含量测定,以0．03％氢氧化四丁基铵水溶液(磷酸调节pH值2．55)-乙腈(100:7)为流动相用于有关物质测定。流速1．0 mL·min-1,UV检测波长218 nm。结果:含量测定条件下注射用唑来膦酸在5～125μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0．999 9),平均回收率100．3％,RSD=0．50％,有关物质测定条件下,各有关物质与主药的分离良好。结论:本法测定注射用唑来膦酸的含量及有关物质准确可靠。     

高效液相色谱法测定减肥降脂片中大黄酸、大黄素的含量

目的 :建立测定减肥降脂片中大黄酸、大黄素含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法 :分析柱为WatersSymmetryC18 柱(4 6mm×250mm ,5μm) ;流动相为甲醇 -0 1 %磷酸 (90∶10) ;检测波长为440nm ;流速为1 0ml/min ;柱温为30℃。结果 :大黄酸在0 108μg～0 486μg、大黄素在0 180μg～0 480μg范围内呈良好线性关系 ;回收率 :大黄酸为99 7% ,大黄素为98 6;精密度 :大黄酸为1 93 % ,大黄素为2 19%。结论 :本法检测快速 ,定量准确 ,可用于减肥降脂片的定量分析。     

反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定唑来膦酸粉针剂中的主药和有关物质

目的:建立唑来膦酸粉针剂中有关物质和主药含量的测定方法.方法:采用反相离子对高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为BDS柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为0.08%磷酸溶液-0.1%四丁基氢氧化胺溶液(100∶15,用三乙胺调pH值为4.02),流速1.0mL*min-1,检测波长217nm,柱温为室温.结果:本法使有关物质与主药分离良好,唑来膦酸在40.50～141.8μg*mL-1范围内,峰面积与浓度线性关系良好,平均回收率99.64%(n=9),RSD为0.87%.结论:本法操作方便,结果准确,重现性好,可用于唑来膦酸粉针剂中有关物质的检查及主药的含量测定.     

RP-HPLC法测定注射用甲砜霉素甘氨酸酯盐酸盐的含量和有关物质

目的:采用反相高效液相色谱法测定注射用甲砜霉素甘氨酸酯盐酸盐(TGH)含量及有关物质。方法:采用色谱柱:Diamonsil C18柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm);流动相:0．01 mol·L-1三氟乙酸-乙腈(88:12);流速: 1．0 mL·min-1;紫外检测波长:223 nm;进样体积:20μL;柱温:40℃。结果:含量测定的线性范围为40—400μg·mL-1,r=0．999 9(n=5),注射用TGH的加样回收率为98．4％-100．3％;RSD在0．29％-1．08％。结论:本法简便快速、准确,专属性好。     

RP-HPLC测定注射用复方甘草酸苷中甘草酸铵含量和有关物质

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定注射用复方甘草酸苷中甘草酸铵的含量和有关物质。方法:采用 Symmetry C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以2%醋酸-乙腈(65:35)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为256 nm,进样量为20μL。结果:甘草酸铵线性范围为40～400μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),最小检测量为6.23 ng。结论:本法精密度好,结果准确、可靠、灵敏,可用于注射用复方甘草酸苷含量测定和有关物质检查。     

HPLC法测定复方奥硝唑大黄口腔膜中的大黄酸、大黄素及大黄酚的含量

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定复方奥硝唑大黄口腔膜中大黄酸、大黄素及大黄酚的含量。方法使用Fortis Xi C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),甲醇-质量分数为0.1%的磷酸溶液(体积比为85∶15)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为254 nm。结果大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚峰与相邻色谱峰分离度均高于3.0,方法专属性强;各组分在测定范围内线性关系良好,回归方程分别为:大黄酚A大黄酚=3.298 3×107ρ-602 4(R2=0.999 0),大黄酸A大黄酸=2.138 3×107ρ-576 2(R2=0.997 0),大黄素A大黄素=2.075 0×107ρ-489 1(R2=0.9990);各组分加样回收率均高于94.0%。测得复方奥硝唑大黄口腔膜中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的平均含量为353、106、121μg.cm-2。结论本方法测定奥硝唑大黄口腔膜中大黄酸、大黄素及大黄酚,可应用于奥硝唑大黄口腔缓释膜剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定麻仁丸中大黄素和大黄酚的含量

目的:建立麻仁丸中大黄素和大黄酚含量测定的方法。方法:色谱柱为Thermo ODS C18柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0．1％磷酸溶液(85:15),流速为1．0 ml·min-1,检测波长为254 nm。结果:大黄素在0．01-0．29μg(r =0.999 5);大黄酚在0．03-0．52μg(r=0．999 4)范围内线性关系良好。大黄素及大黄酚的平均回收率分别为100.4％(RSD =0．9,n=5),100．1％(RSD=0．3％,n=5)。结论:方法准确可靠。     

RP-HPLC测定雷诺嗪含量及有关物质

目的:建立测定雷诺嗪(ranolazine)含量及有关物质的反相高效液相色谱法。方法:依利特Hypersil BDS C_(18)硅烷键合硅胶柱(250mm×4．6mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-7mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵与3．5mmol·L~(-1)醋酸的缓冲液(65:35),流速:1．0mL·min~(-1),柱温:30℃,检测波长:272nm。结果:雷诺嗪在0．102～2．034mg·mL~(-1)的范围内,浓度和峰面积线性良好,r=0．9999。重复性试验的RSD为0．92%。结论:测定方法简便快速、重现性好、准确度高,可适用于雷诺嗪的含量测定及其有关物质检查。     

HPLC法测定环丙贝特含量及其有关物质

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定环丙贝特含量及其有关物质。方法:色谱柱为Hypersil C18柱(200 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0．1％磷酸(55:45),流速1．0 ml·min-1,检测波长为230 nm。结果:环丙贝特在10-514μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0．999 8,平均回收率为99．8％(RSD=0．6％,n=9)。结论:该方法简单、快捷、准确,可用于测定环丙贝特含量及其有关物质。     

HPLC法测定克拉维酸钾有关物质

建立HPLC法,以进一步用液相色谱-质谱联用技术检查并推证克拉维酸钾中的有关物质。采用HPLC法测定,液相色谱条件为:采用ZORBAX ODS色谱柱,流动相A为0.01mol.L-1乙酸铵,流动相B为流动相A-乙腈(1∶1),流速:1mL.min-1,检测波长:230nm。克拉维酸钾浓度在5~160μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999),最低检测限为0.3μg.mL-1。本法简便、准确、灵敏度高,适用于克拉维酸钾中有关物质的测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.