带蒂皮瓣在复杂性长段尿道闭锁中的应用

目的 探讨带蒂皮瓣在复杂性长段尿道闭锁中的应用. 方法 复杂性长段尿道闭锁患者18例,其中阴茎悬垂部尿道闭锁4例、前尿道完全闭锁7例、前后尿道均闭锁7例.尿道闭锁长度平均15.1(8.7～23.0)cm.伴尿道会阴瘘8例,后尿道直肠瘘7例,假道形成8例.病因:骨盆骨折伴后尿道狭窄术后7例,尿道膀胱内灌注化疗所致4例,球部尿道狭窄术后3例,淋病性尿道狭窄行尿道扩张术后2例,长期留置导尿管所致2例.经会阴切除闭锁尿道,修补直肠瘘;根据尿道缺损长度,应用带蒂皮瓣行一期尿道成形术. 结果 平均随访14(12～18)个月.术后3个月,15例排尿通畅,最大尿流率平均16.9(16.5～21.7)ml/s.1例皮管过长迂曲,排尿困难,切除多余皮管后排尿正常;1例尿道吻合口感染导致再狭窄,切除狭窄段,行尿道端端吻合术后排尿通畅;I例因血肿感染后尿瘘,行尿瘘修补术治愈.术后6个月,17例最大尿流率平均17.0(15.0～22.0)ml/s,1例真性尿失禁无法测定.术后9～18个月,17例最大尿流率平均17.5(15.8～22.5)ml/s. 结论 带蒂皮瓣一期尿道成形术可作为修复复杂性长段尿道闭锁的方法之一.     

前尿道替代膜部尿道治疗男性后尿道狭窄52例报告

目的：探讨长段后尿道狭窄手术治疗方法。方法：同顾性总结前尿道替代膜部尿道端端吻合治疗狭窄段〉2cm的后尿道狭窄患者52例。结果：一次手术成功49例,成功率94．2％,3例术后尿线细,排尿不畅经内窥镜切除0．3～0．5cm瘢痕后排尿通畅。随访5～20年,全部排尿通畅,最大尿流率20～25ml／s,平均22ml／s。结论：切除狭窄段瘢痕前尿道替代膜部尿道端一端吻合治疗后尿道狭窄成功率高,远期效果好。术中彻底切除瘢痕,满意的无张力外翻端一端吻合及术后预防感染是手术成功的关键。     

经耻骨下缘切除途径修复复杂性长段后尿道狭窄或闭锁（附154例报告）

目的：总结采用耻骨下缘切除途径治疗复杂性长段后尿道狭窄或闭锁的疗效。方法：自1997年1月～2007年12月对154例外伤导致长段后尿道狭窄或闭锁（3．5～7．0cm）患者采用经耻骨下缘切除途径行尿道修复术,其中32例并发尿道直肠瘘或尿道皮肤瘘。具体方法是取会阴部正中切口,切除狭窄或闭锁段尿道及瘢痕组织,分离远近端尿道至正常的尿道,切开部分阴茎海绵体中隔,分离耻骨下缘间隙,用扁平凿凿去下部分骨块,将远端尿道穿过阴茎海绵体中隔或从一侧阴茎海绵体下方穿过,与前列腺部尿道吻合。结果：本组患者于术后3～4周拔出导尿管,127例排尿通畅,术后尿流率检查示最大尿流率为15．70～32．60ml／s,平均21．94ml／s;15例排尿困难,经尿道扩张后改善;余12例效果不佳。结论：耻骨下半部分切除能较好显露后尿道并缩短尿道吻合行程距离约3～5cm,使尿道端端吻合容易化。     

结肠粘膜重建尿道治疗复杂性尿道狭窄的探讨

目的 探讨结肠粘膜替代尿道治疗复杂性较长段尿道狭窄或闭锁的可能性。方法 采用结肠粘膜重建尿道一期尿道成形术治疗6例复杂性较长段尿道狭窄，患者术前有平均3次不成功的尿道修复史，用结肠粘膜重建的尿道长10－15cm，平均12.7cm。术后随访时分别行逆行尿道造影，尿道镜和尿流率检查。结果 术后随访3－14个月，平均7.8个月。1例在术后3个月并发尿道外口狭窄性，经手术矫正后排尿通畅，术后1年随访时最大尿流率28.7ml/s。余5例术后排尿通畅，最大尿流率大于15ml/s。术后6个月4例经尿道镜检查，肉眼较难将尿道的结肠粘膜与正常的尿道粘膜相区别。结论 结肠粘膜重建尿道治疗较长段尿道狭窄或闭锁是一种可行而有效的方法，适合阴茎皮肤或膀胱粘膜利用有困难时的尿道重建。     

复杂性后尿道狭窄81例治疗分析

目的探讨复杂性后尿道狭窄或闭锁的手术治疗方法,提高手术治疗效果。方法1991～2008年收治的81例复杂性后尿道狭窄／闭锁患者,狭窄／闭锁段长度为3～10cm,其中〉5cm者27例;66例曾有1～4次手术史;62例行改良尿道套人术,19例尿道端端吻合术;73例经会阴或腹会阴切口,8例经耻骨或切除部分耻骨下缘切口。15例应用尿道替代物成形。结果76例（93．8％）术后排尿满意,5例失败,其中改良尿道套入术和尿道端端吻合术成功率分别为95．2％（59／62）、89．5％（17／19）（P〉0．05）。15例应用尿道替代物成形术均取得成功。结论复杂性后尿道狭窄／闭锁的治疗应根据尿道病变情况选择不同的手术径路及术式,改良尿道套入术具有创伤小、操作简便、成功率高等优点。尿道狭窄段〉5cm者应考虑应用尿道替代物成形。     

阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术治疗长段前尿道狭窄

目的 总结阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术治疗长段前尿道狭窄的手术经验.方法 本组41例患者,年龄17～76岁,平均42.7岁,病程4～38个月,平均15个月.术前经逆行尿道造影、排泄性膀胱尿道造影均证实前尿道狭窄.狭窄段长度3cm～7cm,平均4.1 cm.术前27例尿流率测定均为低平曲线,最大尿流率3.5～6.9 ml/s,平均5.7 ml/s.运用阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术治疗长段前尿道狭窄.结果 41例患者随访12～36个月,平均23.1个月.术后排尿通畅39例,测定最大尿流率16～36ml/s,平均17.2 ml/s.出现并发症4例,其中尿道狭窄2例,尿道毛石形成2例,本组无尿瘘发生.结论 运用阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术治疗长段前尿道狭窄,手术成功率高,并发症少,是治疗长段前尿道狭窄的良好术式.     

结肠黏膜重建尿道治疗复杂性超长段尿道狭窄

目的:探讨结肠黏膜重建尿道治疗复杂性超长段尿道狭窄的应用价值与疗效.方法:对既往已有平均2.5次不成功的尿道修复史的35例患者,采用结肠黏膜一期尿道成形术,治疗其复杂性超长段尿道狭窄.所用结肠黏膜重建的尿道长10～20cm,平均14.6cm.术后分别行尿道造影,检测尿流率,部分患者行尿道镜检查.结果:患者术后随访3～60个月,平均28.5个月.31例术后排尿通畅,最大尿流率大于15 ml/s.1例因结肠黏膜新尿道与前列腺部尿道吻合区血供较差,术后继发尿道狭窄;1例在术后3个月并发尿道外口狭窄,经手术矫正后排尿通畅;2例分别在术后46,20个月时发生与重建尿道无关的球膜部尿道狭窄,采用口腔黏膜尿道成形术后排尿通畅.结论:利用结肠黏膜重建尿道治疗复杂性超长段尿道狭窄或闭锁,是一种可行而有效的方法,尤其是适合在较多常规方法治疗失败者.     

唇黏膜补片修复前尿道狭窄的疗效观察

目的 探讨应用唇黏膜补片尿道成形术治疗复杂性前尿道狭窄的有效性。方法：2004年3月～2008年9月应用自体下唇黏膜补片行尿道成形术治疗复杂性前尿道狭窄27例。尿道狭窄长度为2．0～7．0cm,平均长度3．9cm。结果：术后随访5～30个月,平均14．1个月。排尿通畅22例（81．5％）,最大尿流率16．9～40．2ml／s,平均23．6ml／s;再次狭窄5例（18．5％）,其中近端吻合口狭窄2例,远端吻合口狭窄2例,分别予以尿道内切开及扩张后,最大尿流率保持在15ml／s以上;1例行黏膜管状尿道成形术患者出现管腔缩窄,予以再次行口腔颊黏膜替代后排尿通畅。下唇取材部位黏膜均愈合良好,1例患者出现口周麻木并持续6个月。结论：下唇黏膜取材方便,取材后供体部位并发症少,适于用作尿道狭窄成形术的替代物。     

颊黏膜尿道成形术治疗前尿道狭窄的临床分析

目的 探讨利用游离口腔颊黏膜尿道成形术治疗前尿道狭窄的疗效.方法 2011年6月至2012年12月采用颊黏膜腹侧扩大替代尿道成形术治疗25例前尿道狭窄,狭窄段长度为3.5～10 cm,平均5.74 cm.术前耻骨上膀胱造瘘16例,余9例术前最大尿流率2.4～7.6 mL/s,平均4.3 mL/s.结果 术后随访3～18个月,平均6.5个月.术后患者排尿通畅22例(88％),尿动力学检查显示最大尿流率为14～28mL/s,平均19.4 mL/s.3例(12％)吻合口处狭窄,经历尿道扩张后,排尿通畅.所有患者均无感染及尿道皮肤瘘发生,口腔颊黏膜移植物均成活.结论 口腔颊黏膜可作为较理想的尿道替代物,适合长段或多段狭窄的尿道修复.     

白膜加盖成形术治疗悬垂部尿道狭窄临床研究

目的：探讨白膜加盖成形术治疗悬垂部尿道狭窄的临床疗效。方法：采用尿道背侧切开阴茎海绵体白膜加盖成形方法治疗悬垂部尿道狭窄患者12例．术前最大尿流率（5．9±2．7）ml／s．术后随访分别行逆行尿道造影及尿流率检查．结果：12例术后随访平均24（3~38）个月。术后2年排尿通畅10例;再次狭窄2例,1例经尿道扩张后维持正常排尿。1例再次手术,总成功率为92％．结论：白膜加盖成形术是治疗悬垂部尿道狭窄的有效方法。     

Staged pendulous-prostatic anastomotic urethroplasty followed by reconstruction of the anterior urethra: an effective treatment for long-segment bulbar and membranous urethral stricture

OBJECTIVES: To describe a novel surgical technique for male long-segment urethral stricture after pelvic trauma using the intact and pedicled pendulous urethra to replace the bulbar and membranous urethra, followed by reconstruction of the anterior urethra. METHODS: Two patients with long-segment post-traumatic bulbar and membranous urethral strictures with short left pendulous urethras who had undergone several failed previous surgeries were treated with staged pendulous-prostatic anastomotic urethroplasty followed by reconstruction of the anterior urethra. This procedure was divided into three stages. First-stage surgery was mobilization of the anterior urethra down to the coronary sulcus and then rerouted to the prostatic urethra followed by pendulous-prostatic anastomotic urethroplasty with transposition of the penis to the perineum. Second-stage surgery was transecting the anterior urethra at the revascularised coronary sulcus 6 mo later, followed by straightening of the penis and urethroperineostomy. Third-stage surgery was reconstruction of the anterior urethra 6 mo later. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the two patients reported satisfactory voiding. For patient 1, retrograde urethrography showed that the urethra was patent, and that the mean maximal flow rate (MFR) was 18.4 ml/s with no postvoiding residual urine after the third-stage surgery and at 3-yr follow-up. For patient 2, a 22F urethral catheter could pass smoothly through the urethra, and the MFR was 19.5 ml/s with no postvoiding residual urine at 2-yr follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This procedure was an effective surgical option for men with complex long-segment post-traumatic bulbar and membranous urethral strictures, especially for those who had undergone failed previous surgical treatments.     

The penis transposed to the perineum with penile-prostatic anastomotic urethroplasty for the treatment of a long segment complex urethral strictures

BackgroundTo present our experience of transposing the penis to the perineum, with penile-prostatic anastomotic urethroplasty, for the treatment of complex bulbo-membranous urethral strictures.MethodsBetween January 2002 and December 2018, 20 patients with long segment urethral strictures (mean 8.6 cm, range 7.5 to 11 cm) and scarred perineoscrotal skin underwent a procedure of transposition of the penis to the perineum and the penile urethra was anastomosed to the prostatic urethra. Before admission 20 patients had unsuccessful repairs (mean 4.5, range 2 to 12); five patients were associated urethrorectal fistula; 16 patients reported severe penile erectile dysfunction (PED) or no penile erectile at any time and four reported partial erections.ResultsThe mean follow-up period was 45.9 (range 12 to 131) months. Nineteen patients could void normally with a mean Qmax of 22.48 (range 15.6 to 31.4) mL/s. One patient developed postoperative urethral stenosis. After 1 to 10 years of the procedure, nine patients underwent the second procedure. Of the nine patients, four underwent straightening the penis and one-stage anterior urethral reconstruction using a penile circular fasciocutaneous skin flap, and five underwent straightening the penis and staged Johanson urethroplasty. Seven patients could void normally, one developed urethrocutaneous fistula and one developed urethral stenosis.ConclusionsTransposition of the penis to the perineum with pendulous-prostatic anastomotic urethroplasty may be considered as a salvage option for patients with complex long segment posterior urethral strictures.     

Buccal mucosal urethroplasty: a versatile technique for all urethral segments

OBJECTIVE: To present our experience with buccal mucosa urethroplasty for substitution of all segments of the anterior urethra, as the buccal mucosal graft (BMG) has emerged as the tissue of choice for single-stage reconstruction of bulbar urethral strictures, but its use for reconstructing meatal, pendulous and pan-urethral strictures has not been widely reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1998 and October 2003, 92 patients had a BMG substitution urethroplasty at our institution; 75 had a single-stage dorsal onlay BMG urethroplasty (bulbar 41, pendulous 16 and pan-urethral 18; six combined penile skin flap and BMG) and 17 (pendulous five, pan-urethral 10, bulbar two) a two-stage urethroplasty. Recurrence rates, complications and cosmetic outcomes were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: Over a median (range) follow-up of 34 (8-72) months, 66 (88%) patients with a one-stage reconstruction (14/16 pendulous; 37/41, 90%, bulbar; 15/16 pan-urethral) remained stricture-free. The mean (range) time to recurrence was 9.4 (3-17) months. Of the nine recurrent strictures, six were managed by one-stage optical urethrotomy and three required a repeat urethroplasty. In patients who had a staged procedure, after a mean follow-up of 24.2 (9-56) months, one had complete graft loss, requiring re-grafting, five required stomal revision after stage 1, and only two (12%) developed a recurrent stricture after the two-stage urethroplasty. CONCLUSION: A one-stage dorsal onlay BMG urethroplasty provides excellent results for strictures involving any segment of the anterior urethra. The BMG appears to be the most versatile urethral substitute, as it can be successfully used for both one- and two-stage reconstruction of the entire anterior urethra.     

A New Biaxial Epilated Scrotal Flap for Reconstructive Urethral Surgery

Purpose

We describe a new type of perineum based scrotal flap with biaxial vascularization supplied by both superficial perineal arteries. Flap length of up to 20 cm. may be attained for urethral reconstruction.

Materials and Methods

A total of 37 men with complex urethral stenosis of different etiologies underwent surgery using 1 of 3 urethroplasty techniques based on this new flap. The whole anterior urethra, including pendulous and bulbar segments, was reconstructed with a scrotal patch in 10 patients. A scrotal tubular flap was used as a substitute for the bulbar urethra in 7 patients and for the membranous portion in 4. Bulbar urethroplasty with a scrotal island patch was performed in 16 patients.

Results

Of the patients 86% achieved normal voiding after 1-stage urethroplasty. Mean followup was 39.5 months.

Conclusions

The excellent axial vascularization of this new flap permits successful resolution of the most complex urethral stenoses regardless of extension, location and etiology.     

Dorsal on-lay preputial graft urethroplasty for anterior urethra strictures repair

Objectives To report the long-term results and evaluate the effectiveness of the dorsal on-lay preputial graft urethroplasty in patients suffering from anterior urethra strictures. Methods A total of 21 male patients, mean age 46.3 years (range 17–67), with anterior urethral strictures, underwent the dorsal on-lay preputial graft urethroplasty during the last 8 years, from October 1997 to September 2005. Strictures were located in bulbar urethra in 16 patients and in penile urethra in the remaining 5. The aetiology the stricture was traumatic injury of the anterior urethra in 12 patients and iatrogenic in 9 patients.␣A direct vision dorsal urethrotomy and the insertion of an urethral Foley catheter right before the procedure, facilitated the corpus spongiosum dissection and the preparation for urethroplasty. A voiding cystogram was performed on the day of urethral catheter removal to exclude extravasation and estimate the postoperative result. Results Mean follow-up time has been 49.9 months (range 6–95) and the outcome was favourable in 15 patients (71.43%). There were 3 recurrences in penile urethra strictures managed conservatively and three in bulbar urethroplasties, treated with internal urethrotomy followed by urethral dilatations. Conclusion Our results indicate that dorsal on-lay urethroplasty using preputial graft is an easy to learn and perform procedure, and offers the patient durable␣results with rather minimal complications.     

Johanson's staged urethroplasty revisited in the salvage treatment of 68 complex urethral stricture patients: presentation of total urethroplasty

BACKGROUND: To show our experience with the staged Johanson's urethroplasty as a salvage treatment of difficult and complicated groups of patients, and to present the total urethroplasty technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a 12-year period, 68 men with urethral stricture underwent the staged Johanson's urethroplasty. 51 had war-related injuries (75%) resulting in an unhealthy perineal and genital skin with fistulae and/or scarring. 35 patients (52%) had other urethral or vesical problems. 60 patients (88%) had long (0.5-4 cm), multiple or impassable strictures. 58 patients (85%) had strictures of the pendulous urethra. The second stage was performed 2-3 months after the first. Both stages of Johanson's urethroplasty were protected by a stab suprapubic catheter for 3 weeks. Patients were followed up for 23-82 months (mean 52.5). RESULTS: All patients but 4 had improved urine flow (best Qmax ranged between 13.2 and 31.8 ml/s; mean 17.4). 4 patients (6%) needed a revision because of fistula formation or recurrence and 6 patients (9%) developed urinary tract infection postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The staged Johanson's urethroplasty is a good treatment for the difficult and complicated urethral strictures which are not suitable for optical urethrotomy, especially those in the pendulous part. In strictures involving all parts of the urethra total urethroplasty could be performed.     

One-stage urethral reconstruction for stricture recurrence after urethral stent placement

PURPOSE: We report our 8-year experience with 1-stage open urethral reconstruction in 10 patients with recurrent bulbar and/or membranous strictures after UroLume urethral stent placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten consecutive referral patients underwent preoperative contrast imaging and urethroscopy followed by primary anastomotic repair or substitution urethroplasty, with concomitant open UroLume removal (when the stent was still present). Postoperative evaluation included contrast imaging 3 weeks after surgery, urethroscopy 4 months after surgery, uroflowmetry, and American Urological Association symptom score assessment. RESULTS: At a medium followup of 51.2 months all patients remain free of bulbar or membranous stricture recurrence. No patient has required dilation or any other intervention. CONCLUSIONS: One-stage open reconstruction with stent extraction offers a definitive treatment option with a high success rate for patients with recurrent bulbar and/or membranous strictures following urethral stent placement.     

Surgical anatomy of the male and female urethra.

The urethra is lined by transitional and stratified columnar epithelium. The urethra can be divided into both anatomic (prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and pendulous) and functional (anterior and posterior) segments. In the male, the anterior urethra is contained within the corpus spongiosum and penis. The urethra in the male and female is located within the urogenital triangle and pierces the superficial and deep perineal spaces of the pelvic floor. The urethra is surrounded by perineal and pelvic musculature that provide support and also form the urethral sphincter mechanism. Cancers of the anterior urethra preferentially drain into superficial inguinal lymph node channels. Those of the posterior urethra (prostatic, membranous, and bulbar segments in the male and the proximal two thirds of the urethra in the female) generally drain into pelvic lymphatic channels. A thorough knowledge of urethral and regional anatomy allows for complete tumor excision, optimal reconstruction, and in selected cases, restoration of urinary tract function.     

Buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture repair: evaluation of the impact of stricture location and lichen sclerosus on surgical outcome

PURPOSE: We report our experience with buccal mucosa grafts for anterior urethral strictures. We compared outcomes in the pendulous and bulbar urethra as well as the impact of lichen sclerosus on success. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 53 men underwent buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty from 1997 to 2004 for strictures of all etiologies, including lichen sclerosis in 13. Of the patients 46 underwent 1-stage repair and 7 with full-thickness circumferential disease underwent multistage repair. For 1-stage repair strictures were limited to the bulb in 33 cases and they involved the pendulous urethra in 13. A dorsal onlay was used in 24 cases and a ventral onlay was used in 22. For multistage urethroplasty 2 strictures were in the bulbar urethra and 5 were in the pendulous urethra. Success was defined as no postoperative procedures or complications. RESULTS: The success rate of all urethroplasties was 81% (43 of 53 cases) at a mean followup of 52 months. For bulbar vs pendulous urethroplasty the success rate was 86% (30 of 35 cases) vs 72% (13 of 18, p = 0.23). For 1-stage urethroplasty by graft location success was achieved in 20 of 24 cases (83%) for dorsal onlay vs 17 of 22 (77%) for ventral onlay (p = 0.61), in 18 of 21 (86%) for bulbar-dorsal onlay, in 10 of 12 (83%) for bulbar-ventral onlay, in 2 of 3 (66%) for pendulous-dorsal onlay and in 7 of 10 (70%) for pendulous-ventral onlay. For multistage urethroplasty success was achieved in 2 of 2 cases (100%) for bulbar repair vs 4 of 5 (80%) for pendulous repair. In the 13 patients with lichen sclerosus success was achieved in 4 of 8 (50%) with 1-stage repair vs 4 of 5 (80%) with multistage repair (p = 0.28). Complications developed in 10 of 53 cases (19%), including fistula in 1, urinary tract infection in 1 and stricture in 8 that required treatment, including dilation in 3, internal urethrotomy in 4 and perineal urethrostomy in 1. Five of these 8 recurrent strictures (63%) developed in patients with lichen sclerosus, including 4 in urethras in which 1-stage repair was done for lichen sclerosus. There were no donor site complications, postoperative erectile dysfunction or chordee. CONCLUSIONS: A buccal mucosa graft placed dorsally or ventrally remains an excellent graft material in the bulbar and pendulous urethra. When lichen sclerosus is present, careful consideration should be given to complete excision of the diseased urethra with multistage repair vs accepting a higher rate of stricture recurrence with 1-stage repair.