单一体位腹膜内外联合腹腔镜UTUC根治术的临床效果及安全性

目的 探讨单一体位经腹腹膜内外联合腹腔镜上尿路尿路上皮癌(UTUC)根治术的安全性及有效性。方法 回顾性分析2018年11月-2022年6月青岛大学附属医院采用一体位经腹腹膜内外杂交的腹腔镜下肾输尿管全切除术治疗UTUC患者共31例，其中右侧11例，左侧20例；肾盂癌14例，输尿管癌16例，肾盂及输尿管同时受累1例。结果 所有31例患者的手术均顺利完成，无中转开放病例。手术时间为60～151 min,平均(81.45±19.80)min;术中出血量为30～110 mL,平均(69.03±24.13)mL。无严重术中、术后并发症发生。术后住院时间为3～17 d,术后平均住院时间为(6.13±2.44)d。术后中位随访时间28(3.0～49.0)个月。末次随访时，共有2例患者死亡，3例患者出现膀胱复发，无对侧复发病例。结论 单一体位腹膜内外联合腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除治疗UTUC,肿瘤控制效果满意，是一种安全、有效、可行的术式，值得在临床上进一步推广。     

后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除术治疗上尿路尿路上皮癌

目的探讨后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除术治疗上尿路尿路上皮癌的临床效果。方法临床收集2010年1月至2014年1月间在本院接受后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除术的患者63例,统计相关手术及术后随访数据,评价此术式治疗上尿路尿路上皮癌的临床效果。结果 63例患者手术均顺利完成,术后恢复良好,术后病理检查均为尿路上皮癌,手术时间平均[110(90~180)]分钟,术中出血量平均[70(30~150)]ml,术后引流管留置时间平均[3(2~4)]天,导尿管留置时间平均[7(4~15)]天,住院时间平均[5(4~7)]天,术后59例患者接受随访(失访4例),随访时间平均[8(3~24)]月。所有患者术后均无发热、漏尿等明显并发症发生,接受随访患者在随访期3例患者术后3~6月内出现膀胱肿瘤,并行膀胱肿瘤电切术,1例患者死亡,死于脑血管病,余患者在随访期无肿瘤复发。结论后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除术治疗上尿路上皮癌临床效果确切,手术时间相对较短,创伤小,患者术后恢复快,手术安全易行,可予以临床推广。     

输尿管镜结合钬激光技术治疗孤立肾上尿路尿路上皮癌3例报告

目的总结输尿管镜结合钬激光技术治疗孤立肾上尿路尿路上皮癌的诊治体会。方法回顾性分析3例孤立肾上尿路尿路上皮癌患者的临床资料和随访结果。3例均为女性,1例输尿管癌,其对侧肾萎缩无功能;1例肾盂癌,曾因对侧输尿管癌接受肾输尿管全长切除术;1例为移植肾肾盂癌。3例患者均接受输尿管镜钬激光治疗。结果术后平均随访2年,3例患者均存活,其中1例无复发,1例因对侧萎缩肾一侧发生输尿管癌而再次接受输尿管镜钬激光治疗,术后无复发,1例因移植肾肾盂癌伴膀胱癌复发接受肾输尿管及膀胱切除术。结论对于解剖性或功能性孤立肾上尿路尿路上皮癌,输尿管镜结合钬激光技术是一种可选择方法,但术后应密切随访。     

后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术(附7例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术的手术技巧。方法:用后腹腔镜辅助小切口为7例肾盂及输尿管肿瘤患者行肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术,其中肾盂癌4例,输尿管癌3例。结果:7例手术均获成功,手术时间90~120min,平均108min,术中出血50~150ml,平均80ml。术后平均住院10d,无严重并发症发生。随访4~33个月,无肿瘤复发。结论:采用后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术治疗肾盂及输尿管肿瘤具有患者创伤小、出血少、手术时间短、并发症少、切除更完全等优点。     

手助腹腔镜在上尿路移行细胞癌治疗中的应用

目的：探讨手助腹腔镜在肾输尿管全长切除术加膀胱袖套状切除术中的应用价值。方法：采用手助腹腔镜行肾输尿管全长切除术，加膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞肿瘤7例(其中经腹腔途径5例，经腹膜后途径2例)。病理类型均为移行细胞癌(肾盂移行细胞癌5例，输尿管移行细胞癌1例，肾盂和输尿管多发性移行细胞癌1例)。结果：7例手助腹腔镜手术均获成功。手术时间50～150min，平均97．5min；术中出血50～300ml，平均111．4ml；术后住院时间7～53d。结论：采用手助腹腔镜行肾输尿管全长切除术加膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌，是一种可选择的新的手术方式，与开放手术相比，具有损伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

肾盂及输尿管移行细胞癌术后的尿路再发癌

本文回顾了75例原发性肾盂及输尿管移行细胞癌的治疗。分析术后出现的尿路上皮细胞肿瘤与手术方式的关系,强调上尿路移行细胞癌的治疗应行肾输尿管膀胱部分切除术,术后要严密随访。本组肾输尿管全切者,膀胱再发癌的发病率为4.6％,而行肾及大部分输尿管切除者,输尿管残端癌发病率为40％,膀胱再发癌为20％。     

后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路肿瘤3例

目的探讨后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的临床疗效。方法对2例肾盂癌、1例输尿管上段移行细胞癌先采用尿道电切镜行患侧输尿管口膀胱黏膜袖套状切除,而后行后腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管全切术。结果3例手术均获成功,平均手术时间190min,术中出血平均50mL,患者均于术后36~48h下床活动,术后住院时间9~11d(平均10d),术中、术后无严重并发症。结论后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路肿瘤是一种安全、有效的微创手术方法,实用性较强,具有良好的应用前景。     

肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌的临床特点和诊治方法。方法 回顾性分析5例肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌患者的临床资料。男4例，女1例。年龄42～75岁，平均62岁。间歇无痛全程肉眼血尿4例，间歇全程肉眼血尿伴右侧腰痛1例。B超、IVU及CT提示肾肿瘤并发尿路肿瘤4例，肾癌不除外合并同侧肾盂占位1例。结果 5例均行根治性手术，4例同时行不同部位肿瘤根治术，1例行分次手术。病理为肾癌并发膀胱癌3例，肾癌并发同侧输尿管癌1例，肾癌并发同侧肾盂癌1例。随访6～18个月，平均11个月。1例术后10个月膀胱肿瘤局部复发，再行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术；4例无瘤生存。结论 肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌临床少见，对肾癌患者行泌尿系超声、IVU和术中肾脏剖开检查有助于正确诊断。根治性手术宜同时切除肾癌侧输尿管，以避免残余输尿管发生肿瘤。     

经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下移植肾同侧原肾输尿管全长切除术2例报告（附视频）

目的探讨经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下移植肾同侧原肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾移植受者上尿路移行细胞癌的技术要点及临床效果。方法 2例肾移植术后移植肾同侧上尿路移行细胞癌患者,采用经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下操作方法切除移植肾同侧原肾及输尿管全长。通过腹腔镜切除的原肾及输尿管最终从下腹正中小切口完整取出。结果两例手术时间分别为180,120 min,术中出血量分别为80,20 mL;无术中、术后并发症,术后血红蛋白及血清肌酐无明显变化。术后随访6个月均未出现肿瘤复发及转移。结论经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾移植后移植肾同侧上尿路移行细胞癌具有手术损伤小、患者痛苦少、术后恢复快等优点,是一种安全有效的微创治疗方法。     

经腹腔完全腔镜下肾输尿管膀胱袖状切除中输尿管末段处理的经验总结

目的:探讨完全腹腔镜下肾输尿管膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤的手术技巧(尤其是末段输尿管的处理技术)及围手术期临床指标。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月～2017年7月在我院接受经完全腹腔下肾输尿管膀胱袖状切除术的87例上尿路尿路上皮癌(UTUC)患者的临床资料,其中男43例,女44例,平均年龄(67.25±9.90)岁;肾盂癌47例,肾盂癌合并输尿管癌10例,输尿管癌30例(输尿管上段癌12例,输尿管中段癌9例,输尿管下段癌11例);左侧49例,右侧38例;肿瘤平均直径(3.24±1.47)cm。87例患者均行全麻下经腹腔完全腹腔镜下肾、输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术,采用健侧卧位,术中无需改换体位。记录手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血情况、引流管留置时间、尿管留置时间、术后并发症。结果:87例手术顺利,无中转开放手术。平均手术时间(162.50±45.64)min,平均术中失血(113.33±59.74)ml,无围手术期输血。术后引流管平均留置(4.56±1.12)d,尿管平均留置(5.63±2.17)d。无术中并发症,术后出现并发症2例手术标本切缘均为阴性。术后病理分期T_1～T_4N_0M_0(T_1期24例,T_2期19例,T_3期37例,T_4期7例)。随访时间1～44个月,平均13个月,术后肿瘤复发8例。结论:经腹腔完全腹腔镜下肾输尿管膀胱袖状切除术对于UTUC的治疗安全有效,在处理下段输尿管时预先切断脐内侧襞可以增加操作空间,降低手术难度。     

Comparing the Approach to Radical Prostatectomy Using the Multiport da Vinci Xi and da Vinci SP Robots: A Propensity Score Analysis of Perioperative Outcomes

BackgroundUse of the single-port da Vinci SP robotic platform for various urological procedures has been described by several groups. However, the comparative performance of the SP robot in relation to earlier models such as the da Vinci Xi is still unclear.ObjectiveTo compare intraoperative and short-term postoperative outcomes between the da Vinci Xi and SP robots for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) in a referral center.Design, setting, and participantsData were prospectively collected for patients undergoing RP from June 2019 to April 2020 in a single center. The da Vinci SP was used for 71 patients and the da Vinci Xi for 875 patients. After propensity score (PS) matching, two groups of 71 patients were selected for the comparative study.InterventionRP via a transperitoneal approach using the same technique steps and anatomy access with both robot consoles.Outcome measurements and statistical analysisA PS analysis was performed using the covariates age, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, Sexual Health Inventory for Men score, American Urological Association symptom score, prostate size, prostate-specific antigen levels, Gleason score, D’Amico risk group, and degree of nerve-sparing. Intraoperative performance and short-term functional (continence and potency) and oncological outcomes were compared between the groups.Results and limitationsMedian follow-up was 4.4 mo (interquartile range [IQR] 1.6–7.2) for the SP group and 3.2 mo (IQR 1.6–4.8) for the Xi group (p = 0.2). The median total operative time and median console time were both significantly higher in the SP group, with median differences of 14 min (95% confidence interval [CI] 9–19) and 5 min (95% CI 0–5), respectively. The proportion of patients with blood loss of >100 ml was significantly lower in the SP group (difference of 27%, 95% CI 12–42%). No intra- or postoperative complications were reported in either group. There were no significant differences in pain scores at 6, 12, and 18 h or in positive surgical margin rates between the groups. The SP group had a significantly higher percentage of extraprostatic extension than the Xi group (difference of 16%, 95% CI 4.6–27%). None of the patients experienced biochemical recurrence during follow-up. The difference in continence rates at 45 d between the SP and Xi groups was 11% (95% CI ?5.6% to 28%) and the difference in potency rates at 45 d was ?7.3% (95% CI ?21% to 6.2%). The short-term follow-up for comparison of functional and oncological outcomes is a limitation.ConclusionsDespite differences in trocar placement and technology between the two da Vinci consoles, the SP has satisfactory intraoperative performance compared to the Xi. SP surgery can be performed safely and effectively during the initial learning phase. However, longer-term follow-up is needed to provide further evidence on the impact of SP implementation on functional and oncological outcomes.Patient summaryWe compared intraoperative and short-term postoperative outcomes for patients who underwent radical prostatectomy using two different robots, the da Vinci Xi and the single-port da Vinci SP. We found that operative time was longer for the Single Port console. Studies with long-term follow-up are needed to compare the functional and oncological outcomes.     

Robotic laparoendoscopic single-site benign gynecologic surgery: a single-center experience

The da Vinci Xi surgical system was released with several upgrades and modifications compared to the previous robotic generations to facilitate minimal invasive surgery. Herein, we present our preliminary experience of robotic laparoendoscopic single-site gynecologic surgery performed for benign indications with the da Vinci Xi robotic system in a single center. Thirty-five female patients underwent robotic single-site surgery between June 2016 and January 2017. The median console time for hysterectomy with or without salpingo-oophorectomy was 41 min. The median intracorporeal vaginal cuff closure time was 18 min. Two cases (5.7%) were converted to robotic-assisted multiport surgery. There was one major intraoperative complication (2.9%). None of the patient required blood transfusion. When comparing our first 12 cases to subsequent 12 cases of R-LESS hysterectomy, there was a statistically significant decrease in surgical times and estimated blood loss. On logistic regression analysis, no association was detected between BMI and port entry time (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.83–1.04, p = 0.23), console time (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.94–1.02, p = 0.37), cuff closure time (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.76–1.09, p = 0.33), operative time (OR 1, 95% CI 0.98–1.01, p = 0.97), and estimated blood loss (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–1.01, p = 0.33). Our preliminary experience with robotic laparoendoscopic single-site surgery using the da Vinci Xi system has demonstrated feasibility and safety in select patients. Further studies with greater number of patients in multiple settings will help us to fully elucidate the role of da Vinci Xi surgical system in single-site gynecologic surgery.     

单次锚定法经腹机器人辅助肾输尿管切除术的技术特点及疗效

目的探讨单次锚定法经腹机器人辅助肾输尿管切除术的技术特点及疗效。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年11月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院收治的44例患者的病例资料,男31例,女13例。中位年龄61.5(55.5~72.5)岁。既往有腹部手术史2例(4.6%),吸烟史12例(27.3%)。中位体质指数为23.08(21.55~24.60)kg/m^2。肿瘤位于左侧25例(56.8%)、右侧19例(43.2%)。Charlson合并症指数:24例(54.5%)为2~4,16例(36.1%)为5~6,4例(9.4%)为≥7。美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)评分:0~1分8例(18.2%),2~3分36例(81.8%)。术前诊断为输尿管癌26例(59.1%),肾盂癌14例(31.8%),输尿管癌合并肾盂癌4例(9.1%),均符合肾输尿管切除术指征。44例均由同一术者行单次锚定法经腹机器人辅助肾输尿管切除术。手术均采用全麻,患者取80°健侧卧位,头低足高10°。镜头套管位于患侧脐旁1横指处。以右侧手术为例,1号臂套管位于右侧腹直肌外侧缘脐上8 cm水平,2号臂套管位于右侧腹直肌外侧缘脐下8 cm水平,辅助套管1位于前正中线与2号臂套管-镜头套管连线中垂线的交点,辅助套管2位于前正中线剑突下。左侧手术套管位置与右侧手术大致对称,但辅助套管2的位置移至耻骨联合上3横指处。沿结肠外侧的Toldt线切开侧腹膜,沿结肠系膜与肾周筋膜间的平面游离至显露下腔静脉(左侧至显露腹主动脉),Hem-o-lok夹闭并离断肾动静脉,充分游离肾脏,然后在肾下极平面找到输尿管,向下游离至近髂血管处。用Hem-o-lok夹闭肿瘤远端输尿管。将视野转向足侧,助手向头侧牵引输尿管,术者继续向下游离输尿管至膀胱壁段,直视下切除输尿管膀胱开口处并缝合膀胱。游离肾和输尿管的同时行淋巴结清扫。将切除的标本放入标本袋,延长下腹部切口取出,放置引流管后逐层关腹。结果本组44例手术均顺利完成。中位手术时间145(130~175)min,机械臂操作时间119(108.5~136.0)min,中位膀胱缝合时间12(10~15)min。术中失血量50(20~100)ml,输血3例(6.8%)。术后Clavien-Dindo 2级并发症6例:乳糜漏2例,延长引流管留置时间后缓解;使用止血药物1例,术后输血1例(500 ml);深静脉血栓形成1例,行抗凝治疗;急性冠脉综合征1例,按胸痛流程诊治。术后中位住院时间8(6.5~10.0)d。术后中位随访时间12个月,死亡5例,其中3例为肿瘤进展所致;术后肿瘤进展4例,其中3例死亡,1例存活。术后2年总体生存率为68.2%,无进展生存率为77.9%。结论单次锚定法经腹机器人辅助肾输尿管切除术能较好地提升机械臂的操作效率,手术时间短,术中及术后并发症发生率低,短期随访结果满意。     

Transoral robotic surgery for the base of tongue squamous cell carcinoma: a preliminary comparison between da Vinci Xi and Si

Considering the emerging advantages related to da Vinci Xi robotic platform, the aim of this study is to compare for the first time the operative outcomes of this tool to the previous da Vinci Si during transoral robotic surgery (TORS), both performed for squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the base of tongue (BOT). Intra- and peri-operative outcomes of eight patients with early stage (T1–T2) of the BOT carcinoma and undergoing TORS by means of the da Vinci Xi robotic platform (Xi-TORS) are compared with the da Vinci Si group ones (Si-TORS). With respect to Si-TORS group, Xi-TORS group demonstrated a significantly shorter overall operative time, console time, and intraoperative blood loss, as well as peri-operative pain intensity and length of mean hospital stays and nasogastric tube positioning. Considering recent advantages offered by surgical robotic techniques, the da Vinci Xi Surgical System preliminary outcomes could suggest its possible future routine implementation in BOT squamous cell carcinoma procedures.     

达芬奇机器人Xi系统在肝切除术中的应用

目的 总结本中心应用达芬奇机器人Xi系统在肝切除中的效果和布孔和程序化操作方面的经验。方法 回顾性分析苏州大学附属第一医院肝胆胰外科2020年10月至2022年5月期间施行达芬奇机器人肝切除手术的38例患者的临床和病理资料。结果 38例均采用达芬奇Xi系统成功完成肝切除手术,1例因手术创面止血不满意中转开腹。术中采用反L型布孔加快装机步骤,减少频繁更换器械的困扰,适用于大部分肝切除术。右半肝切除中超声刀优先置于4号臂进行肝门处理,随后切换至2号臂左手操作断肝,可以保证良好的切肝角度,联合两侧机械臂的配合,形成类似于“三叉戟”的切除模式。布置1～2个助手孔,利用吸引器及电凝设备保持术野清晰。术后病理：肝脏恶性肿瘤29例（均为R0切除）,良性肿瘤5例,肝内外胆管结石3例,肝脓肿1例。中位手术时间250（126）min,术中出血量100（110）mL,手术并发症发生率为7.9%（3/38）,均经保守治疗治愈,无围手术期死亡。34例患者术后留置引流管,置管时间4（1）d,术后住院时间6（2）d。结论 机器人辅助肝切除术安全可行,机器人平台的信息整合以及灵活操作的独有特点,有助于精准解剖性肝切除开展和进一步减少肝切除手术的创伤。程序化手术布局及手术流程,有利于缩短机器人肝切除术的学习曲线。     

Precision in robotic rectal surgery using the da Vinci Xi system and integrated table motion,a technical note

Robotic rectal surgery is becoming increasingly more popular among colorectal surgeons. However, time spent on robotic platform docking, arm clashing and undocking of the platform during the procedure are factors that surgeons often find cumbersome and time consuming. The newest surgical platform, the da Vinci Xi, coupled with integrated table motion can help to overcome these problems. This technical note aims to describe a standardised operative technique of single docking robotic rectal surgery using the da Vinci Xi system and integrated table motion. A stepwise approach of the da Vinci docking process and surgical technique is described accompanied by an intra-operative video that demonstrates this technique. We also present data collected from a prospectively maintained database. 33 consecutive rectal cancer patients (24 male, 9 female) received robotic rectal surgery with the da Vinci Xi during the preparation of this technical note. 29 (88%) patients had anterior resections, and four (12%) had abdominoperineal excisions. There were no conversions, no anastomotic leaks and no mortality. Median operation time was 331 (249–372) min, blood loss 20 (20–45) mls and length of stay 6.5 (4–8) days. 30-day readmission rate and re-operation rates were 3% (n = 1). This standardised technique of single docking robotic rectal surgery with the da Vinci Xi is safe, feasible and reproducible. The technological advances of the new robotic system facilitate the totally robotic single docking approach.     

达芬奇机器人辅助外科治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进

目的 探讨达芬奇机器人在原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进外科治疗中的安全性及有效性。方法 回顾性分析2014年11月至2017年12月在我科行达芬奇机器人外科手术系统辅助外科治疗的12例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进病人的临床资料。术前定性诊断、精确定位。检测手术前、后血清全段甲状旁腺素、血钙、血磷变化情况。术后观察有无出血、声音嘶哑及饮水呛咳等并发症,随访2~24个月病人临床症状变化情况。结果 12例手术均在达芬奇机器人外科手术系统辅助下顺利完成,无中转开放手术,无手术相关严重并发症发生。手术时间(58.00±17.37)(38~89) min,术中出血(25.00±4.75)(20~35) mL。7例病人出现一过性低钙血症,经过补钙和维生素D治疗后痊愈。所有病人对手术美容效果满意。1例甲状旁腺增生病人术后复发,其余病人随访期间无复发征象。结论 达芬奇机器人辅助下外科手术治疗有严格手术适应证的原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进病人安全、有效,美容效果更佳。     

达芬奇机器人胃癌根治术41例

目的探讨达芬奇机器人胃癌根治术的安全性及可行性。方法回顾性分析2010年3月至2011年12月间第三军医大学西南医院普通外科中心收治并实施达芬奇机器人胃癌根治术的41例患者的临床资料．其中根治性全胃切除术12例．远端胃大部切除术29例。结果41例患者中1例中转开腹手术．1例中转传统腹腔镜手术;其余患者均顺利完成达芬奇机器人胃癌D：根治术。39例患者中28例远端胃大部分切除术手术时间（225±39）min,术中出血量（150±127）ml;11例全胃切除术手术时间（285±61）min,术中出血量（180±157）ml;全组清扫淋巴结（34．2±18．5）枚。术后胃肠功能恢复时间（3．1±1．2）d,下床活动时间（2．7±1．5）d,进流食时间（3．7±1．5）d;2例出现并发症,其中1例切口感染,另1例肺部感染。术后随访1～21（中位随访11）个月,4例患者因腹腔种植转移死亡．1例带瘤存活．其余36例患者均无瘤存活。结论达芬奇机器人胃癌根治手术安全可行,具有手术视野放大清晰、解剖分离精细灵巧、创伤小、恢复快等优点。     

Anwendung des daVinci-Robotersystems in der Thoraxchirurgie

Introduction

The latest technical developments of minimally invasive thoracic surgery are characterized by robotic-assisted operative procedures. Robotic-assisted thymectomy is the most advanced method in this field.

Methods

A systematic literature search (PubMed, Medline) was carried out and the databank system of Intuitive Surgical (Sunnyvale, CA) was analysed. Target criteria were the analysis of the quantitative data over time, technical advantages and limiting factors of robotic-assisted thoracic surgery.

Results

The da Vinci robotic system has been used in thoracic surgery since 2001, and up to 2012 a total of 10,895 robotic-assisted lobotomies have been carried out worldwide. A total of 12 ectopic parathyroid glands in the mediastinum were resected and published. Furthermore, more than 3,500 cases of robotic-assisted thymectomy were performed. A rapid increase in the number of operations has occurred particularly for thymectomy and lung resections.

Discussion

Acceptance of robotic-assisted thymectomy for myasthenia and/or thymoma and mediastinal tumors is growing rapidly. For anatomic lung resection in lung cancer, robotic-assisted hilar and lymph node dissection due to this new quality are also comparable to open surgical techniques. The principles form the intrinsic technical advantages of the da Vinci robotic system.