太原市大气污染对妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨大气污染对妊娠结局的影响。方法收集太原市1997—2004年6个国控监测点大气PM10和SO2浓度资料以及同期妊娠结局的资料,对妊娠结局的相关危险因素及不同妊娠时期大气中PM10和SO2浓度对妊娠结局的影响进行分析。结果空气中PM10和SO2浓度每增加100μg/m3与妊娠结局的Logistic回归结果表明,PM10空气污染对早产、出生缺陷和死胎死产有显著影响,早产的OR值为1.17～1.76,最高OR值为1.76(95%CI:1.64～1.90),出现在怀孕前3个月;出生缺陷的OR值为1.37～1.67,最高OR值为1.67(95%CI:1.28～2.17),出现于第3个孕月。关于SO2空气污染,只观察到对早产的显著影响,且发生于第1、2个孕月,相应的OR值分别为1.27(95%CI:1.21～1.34)和1.07(95%CI:1.01～1.14)。结论太原市空气污染已对妊娠结局造成一定影响,应采取严格的空气污染控制措施,降低不良妊娠结局发生率。     

某市空气污染对早产急性影响的Poisson广义可加模型分析

目的研究广东某市大气污染物对早产的急性影响。方法根据2007年广东某市的出生监测系统、围产保健数据和住院分娩病历获得妊娠结局资料,从广东某市气象局获得2007年气象资料,2007年大气污染资料来源于广东某市环境监测站。采用广义可加模型(general additive model,GAM)进行广东某市大气污染与新生儿早产发生率的Poisson回归分析,控制气象因素、时间趋势、工作日效应混杂因素的影响。结果 2007年广东某市空气中NO2、PM10、SO2的日均浓度分别为61.04、82.51、51.67μg/m3;2007年广东某市新生儿平均出生早产数为21.47例/日。Pearson相关分析结果表明,NO2、PM10、SO2浓度与温度及相对湿度均呈负相关。滞后效应和累积效应GAM时序分析结果均显示,单污染物的健康效应显著。在滞后效应中3种污染物的健康效应均仅维持在当天,当大气中NO2、PM10、SO2浓度每升高100μg/m3,其RR值分别为1.0425(95%CI:1.0068～1.0781)、1.0512(95%CI:1.0087～1.0938)、1.1118(95%CI:1.0479～1.1757)。在累积效应中NO2、SO2的健康效应均在滞后3d达到最大值,每升高100μg/m3,其RR值分别为1.0542(95%CI:1.0080～1.1003)、1.1298(95%CI:1.0480～1.2116);PM10的健康效应在滞后4d达到最大值,每升高100μg/m3,其RR值为1.0688(95%CI:1.0074～1.1301)。多污染物模型GAM时序分析结果显示,在SO2加入NO2的双污染物模型中SO2滞后效应达最大值,而NO2和PM10的滞后效应和累积效应均有下降,且在模型中未呈现统计学意义。结论广东某市大气NO2、PM10、SO2污染对新生儿早产发生率具有潜在的急性影响。     

大气污染与脑出血急性发作关系的病例交叉研究

目的 探讨大气污染与脑出血急性发作的关系.方法 应用时间分层病例交叉设计,分析杭州市2002-2004年气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO2)和二氧化氮(NO2)与脑出血急性发作的关系.结果 在调整了气象因素后,不同时间段大气污染对脑出血急性发作的滞后期及OR值均不同.AOD每增加1个单位,上半年(滞后2 d)OR=1.727(95%CI:1.103～2.703),春季(滞后2 d)OR=2.412(95%CI:1.230～4.733),其他时间段OR值无统计学意义(P>0.05);SO2每增加10μg/m3,全年(滞后2d)OR=1.119(95%CI:1.019～1.229),上半年(滞后2d)OR=1.230(95%CI:1.092～1.386),春季(滞后2 d)OR=1.254(95%CI:1.076～1.460),其他时间段OR值无统计学意义(P>0.05);NO2每增加10μg/m3,上半年(滞后2 d)OR=0.841(95%CI:0.734～0.964).其他时间段OR值无统计学意义(P>0.05);PM10各时间段OR值均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 杭州市大气污染对脑出血急性发作存在影响,尤其是上半年和春季.     

太原市空气污染对心脑血管疾病死亡率急性影响的Poisson广义可加模型分析

目的 定量化研究太原市大气污染对居民心脑血管疾病日死亡率的急性影响.方法 通过死因监测系统收集2004年太原市心脑血管疾病死亡病例资料,从太原市气象局获得气象资料,大气污染资料来源于太原市环境监测站.采用Poisson广义可加模型进行太原市大气污染与居民心脑血管疾病日死亡率的回归分析,同时控制气象因素、时间趋势、周日效应混杂因素的影响.以Bootstrap抽样法对数学模型的共曲线性进行校正并估计误差.结果 2004年太原市空气中PM10、SO2、NO2、CO的日均浓度分别为173.55、79.34、23.03、2 214.59 μg/m3;太原市心脑血管疾病日死亡率为7例/日.Pearson相关分析结果表明,SO2、CO、PM10浓度与温度的相关性的顺位为SO2(r=-0.701 6,P＜0.01)＞CO(P=-0.438 3,P＜0.01)＞PM10(r=-0.216 2,P＜0.01).滞后效应和累积效应GAM时序分析结果均显示,SO2和NO2同时引入,PM10和CO的健康效应达到最大值;而SO2和NO2在模型中未呈现统计学意义.Bootstrap校正共曲线性误差后,全污染物累积效应模型中,PM10的RR为1.216(95%CI:1.057～1.399),CO的RR为1.156(95%CI:1.061～1.263).结论 太原市大气PM10和CO污染对居民心脑血管疾病死亡率具有急性影响.SO2和CO浓度与温度具有相关性,提示SO2和CO与冬季采暖有关.对颗粒物而言,除采暖因素以外还存在其他重要的污染源.     

深圳市大气PM2.5污染对早产急性影响的时间序列

目的研究深圳市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)对早产的急性影响。方法从国家环境保护部获取2015年大气污染资料,深圳市气象局获得2015年气象资料,深圳市某妇幼保健院收集2015年逐日早产数资料。控制时间因素、气象因素等混杂因素的影响,采用广义可加模型(GAM)构建深圳市PM2.5与新生儿早产数模型。结果 2015年深圳市大气PM2.5日均浓度为29.9μg/m3。滞后效应和累积效应GAM时序分析结果显示,PM2.5单污染物模型的早产效应显著,滞后效应中早产效应维持在当天,当大气中PM2.5每升高10μg/m3,其相对危险度(RR)为1.031(95%CI=1.002-1.074),在累积效应中PM2.5的早产效应在滞后7d达到最大值,每升高10μg/m3,其RR为1.034(95%CI=1.002-1.088)。多污染物模型GAM时序分析结果显示,在PM2.5加入一氧化碳(CO)的双污染物模型中PM2.5滞后效应达最大,其RR为1.040(95%CI=1.001-1.075),而在PM2.5加入臭氧(O3)的双污染物模型中PM2.5累积效应达最大,其RR为1.037(95%CI=1.003-1.105)。结论深圳市大气中PM2.5、CO和O3污染对新生儿早产具有潜在的急性影响。     

大气PM10污染与心脑血管疾病死亡的病例交叉研究

目的探讨南京市大气颗粒物(PM10)污染对心脑血管疾病死亡的影响。方法收集2011年1月1日—2012年12月31日南京市死因资料、大气污染物数据及相关气象资料,应用时间分层的病例交叉设计研究对数据进行分析。结果在控制当日气温、相对湿度的影响后,PM10日均浓度每增加10μg/m3,滞后2 d的总心脑血管疾病死亡发生的OR值为1.013(95%CI:1.005~1.021);模型中加入SO2后,PM10日均浓度每增加10μg/m3,滞后2 d的总心脑血管疾病死亡的OR值为1.004(95%CI:1.001~1.007),关联均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论本研究区域内PM10浓度升高可能导致心脑血管疾病死亡危险增加。     

广州地区日均气温与早产关系的时间序列研究

目的量化评估广州地区日均气温与早产的关联性。方法采用时间序列方法,利用广州市白云与越秀2个区2005—2011年的早产、气象与空气污染物资料,应用分布滞后非线性模型研究日均气温与早产的关联性,并评估高低气温对早产的冷热效应及累积冷热效应。结果广州市白云与越秀2个区2005—2011年共活产分娩263 322名,早产儿22 903例,早产率为8.70%(95%CI:8.59%~8.81%);日均出生早产儿(9.01±5.61)例;日均气温为(23.35±6.51)℃;日均相对湿度为(66.98±13.98)%;日均SO2浓度为(43.48±28.88)μg/m3;日均NO2浓度为(50.60±50.14)μg/m3;日均PM10浓度为(80.46±61.61)μg/m3。日均气温在不同滞后日与早产的关联呈非线性,暴露—反应关系近似U形,根据累积相对危险度最小的值对应确定参照气温为25.9℃。在滞后期第0~21天内,日均气温的累积风险效应从31℃开始显现出统计学意义,RR值为1.280 3(95%CI:1.014 9~1.615 1),并在34℃时达到最大,RR值为1.689 9(95%CI:1.076 7~2.652 6)。对于冷效应及累积冷效应,在整个滞后期内均无统计学意义。对于热效应,高温(日均气温为32℃),滞后1 d时风险效应最大,RR值为1.052 8(95%CI:1.014 2~1.092 9);对于累积热效应,在滞后期为第0~14天内达到最大,RR值为1.511 7(95%CI:1.210 5~1.887 8)。结论在广州地区,高温是造成早产的重要影响因素,可增加早产的发生风险。     

长春市雾霾污染物对儿童肺炎住院人数影响的时间序列分析

目的探讨长春市雾霾污染物对儿童肺炎住院人数的影响。方法收集2018年1月1日—12月31号长春市儿童肺炎每日住院病例资料,雾霾主要污染物浓度指标(PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3)及气象数据。运用病例交叉设计研究和条件logistic回归等方法分析数据。结果在控制当日气温、相对湿度的影响后,秋季污染物浓度每升高10μg/m3,PM2.5对儿童肺炎住院影响的最佳滞后天数是4天(OR=3.0,95%CI:2.503～3.596);PM10的最佳滞后天数是3天(OR=1.570,95%CI:1.425～1.729);SO2、NO2的最佳滞后天数是5天(OR=17.034,95%CI:9.449～30.707;OR=1.822,95%CI:1.573～2.110);O3的最佳滞后天数是2天(OR=1.629,95%CI:1.477～1.798),差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论长春市雾霾污染物浓度升高可能导致儿童肺炎住院风险增加,且存在季节性差异,四季中秋季为唯一致病因素。     

2015年-2017年杭州市大气PM2.5对儿童医院呼吸系统疾病门诊量的影响

目的分析环境大气PM2.5污染对儿童医院呼吸系统疾病门诊量的影响。方法获取2015年-2017年杭州市某儿童医院门诊量信息,收集全市气象和环境大气污染监测资料,采用广义线性模型(GLM),分析环境大气PM2.5污染对儿童医院呼吸系统疾病门诊量的影响。结果儿童医院呼吸系统疾病日门诊量与日均气温、PM10、NO_2、SO_2、O_3、CO、PM2.5有相关性(P0.01)。在滞后第0 d、3 d、4 d、8 d～19 d,大气PM2.5污染可增加儿童医院呼吸系统疾病门诊量。超额危险度(ER)在当日及累积滞后第25 d达到最大值,环境大气PM2.5污染每升高10μg/m~3儿童医院呼吸系统疾病门诊量提高0.85%(95%CI:0.42%～1.28%)和7.40%(95%CI:5.50%～9.33%)。结论 2015年-2017年杭州市大气污染物PM2.5浓度升高可导致儿童医院呼吸系统疾病门诊量增加,这些影响存在滞后效应及累积效应。     

重庆市极端温度对心脑血管病死亡影响的时间规律分析

目的探讨"火炉城市"重庆市极端温度与心脑血管疾病死亡之间的关系及其时间规律。方法收集重庆市2011—2013年心脑血管疾病死亡数据及气象、环保等数据,控制空气污染、时间长期和短期趋势等混杂因素,采用分布滞后非线性模型(DLNM)分析极端温度对心脑血管疾病死亡影响的滞后效应和累积效应。结果对于脑血管病死亡,高温的影响在当天最大(RR=1.66, 95%CI:1.19～2.33)、持续2 d;低温的影响滞后4 d、持续12 d,最大RR值出现在第6天(lag 6)为1.22(95%CI:1.06～1.41)。对于缺血性心脏病死亡,高温的影响在当天最大(RR=1.88,95%CI:1.12～3.15)、持续7 d;低温的影响滞后1 d、持续27 d,其最大RR值出现在第2天(lag 2)为2.05(95%CI:1.32～3.20)。极端高温(34℃)对脑血管病和缺血性心脏病死亡的累积风险分别为2.08 (95%CI:1.49～2.90)和2.63 (95%CI:1.27～5.42),极端低温(2℃)对两者的累积效应分别为4.61 (95%CI:1.85～11.5)和120 (95%CI:3.72～463)。结论极端高温和低温对两种疾病死亡的滞后效应不同;极端低温的累积效应高于极端高温,尤其是对缺血性心脏病死亡的影响。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.