高中学生考试焦虑与家庭因素的关系分析

目的研究高中生考试焦虑的现状及其家庭相关因素。方法应用考试焦虑量表(TAS)、家庭环境量表中文版(FESCV)和父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)对山东省某中学高一年级538名学生进行调查。结果高中生考试焦虑的检出率为65.20%。有考试焦虑者家庭环境量表的亲密度、情感表达因子分显著低于无考试焦虑者(P<0.05),而其矛盾性、成功性因子分显著高于无考试焦虑者(P<0.05)。有考试焦虑者父母养育方式评价量表的父亲过分干涉、父亲拒绝否认、父亲过度保护、母亲过分干涉过分保护、母亲拒绝否认、母亲惩罚严厉因子分非常显著高于无考试焦虑者(P<0.01),而其母亲情感温暖理解因子分极显著低于无考试焦虑者(P<0.001)。结论高中生考试焦虑检出率较高。高中生考试焦虑与家庭环境和父母养育方式密切相关。     

心因性非癫痫性发作儿童自我意识、家庭环境及父母养育方式的对照研究

目的探讨心因性非癫痫性发作（PNES）儿童自我意识、家庭环境和父母养育方式的特征及其与正常儿童的区别。方法采用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表（CSS）、家庭环境量表中文版（FES-CV）、父母养育方式问卷（EMBU）对43例PNES儿童和43名正常对照组儿童进行了评估。结果 PNES儿童CSS总分及焦虑、合群、幸福与满足分量表得分低于对照组儿童;FES-CV中的知识性分量表得分低于对照组儿童;EMBU中父亲的情感温暖与理解因子得分低于对照组儿童,父亲的惩罚严厉因子、母亲的过分干涉与过度保护因子、父母亲的拒绝否认因子得分高于对照组儿童。结论心因性非癫痫性发作儿童存在不良的自我意识、家庭环境及父母养育方式。     

民办高校大学生人格特征与父母养育方式的关系研究

目的 探讨高职大学生人格特征与父母养育方式的关系,为高校开展心理健康教育工作提供科学依据.方法 用父母养育方式量表（EMBU）和艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）对273名大学生生进行问卷调查.结果 EPQ测量结果显示文科生在精神质（P）维度得分显著低于理科生（P＜0.01）男生精神质（P）维度得分显著高于女生（P＜0.01）,大二学生在神经质（N）得分显著高于大一学生（P＜0.01）.内外向（E）维度与父亲情感温暖与理解（f1）、母亲情感温暖与理解（m1）、母亲偏爱被试（m5）呈正相关（P＜0.01）;精神质（P）与父亲情感温暖与理解（f1）、母亲情感温暖与理解（m1）呈负相关（P＜0.01）,与父亲惩罚严厉（f2）、父亲过分干涉（f3）、父亲拒绝否认（f5）、母亲拒绝否认（m3）、母亲严厉惩罚（m4）呈正相关（P＜0.05）;神经质（N）与父亲情感温暖与理解（f1）、母亲情感温暖与理解（m1）呈负相关（P＜0.01）,与父亲过度保护（f6）、母亲过分干涉及过度保护（m2）、母亲惩罚严厉（m4）呈正相关（P＜0.05）.父亲惩罚、严厉（f2）、母亲惩罚、严厉（m4）进入精神质（P）回归方程;母亲情感温暖与理解（m1）进入内外向（E）回归方程;父亲情感温暖与理解（f1）,母亲过度干涉、过度保护（m2）进入神经质（N）回归方程.结论 大学生父母养育方式对其人格形成有显著影响.     

社交焦虑障碍患者父母养育方式分析

目的：探讨社交焦虑障碍（SAD）患者的发病与父母养育方式的关系。方法：采用自编社会人口学资料调查表、父母养育方式量表（EMBU）对30例SAD患者（患者组）和30名正常人（对照组）进行评估;以Liebowitz社交焦虑量表（LSAS）≥38分为界,评估SAD的严重程度。结果：患者组LSAS评分平均（78.0±27.8）分显著高于对照组的（22.2±9.0）分,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.477,P〈0.01）。患者组EMBU中父亲的拒绝、否认因子分和过度保护因子分平均（11.10±3.93）分和（10.77±2.57）分显著高于对照组的（8.67±1.97）分和（9.30±1.77）分（t=3.035、2.578,P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;父亲的情感温暖、理解因子分和偏爱被试因子分平均（43.30±11.45）分和（10.50±2.91）分显著低于对照组的（51.20±8.10）分和（12.87±5.43）分（t=3.085、2.104,P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。母亲的拒绝、否认因子分平均（13.93±5.34）分显著高于对照组的（11.33±2.26）分（t=2.457,P〈0.05）,母亲的情感温暖、理解因子分和偏爱被试因子分平均为（43.07±12.07）分和（10.50±2.91）分显著低于对照组的（51.53±8.26）分和（12.87±5.43）分（t=3.170、2.104,P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。结论：SAD的发生与父母养育方式有关,不良的父母养育方式可能是SAD的发病原因之一。     

独生子女情感障碍患者人格与父母教养方式的相关性

目的:探讨独生子女情感障碍患者人格与父母教养方式的相关性. 方法:采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)对情感障碍独生子女患者90例(研究组)和正常独生子女90名(正常对照组)进行测评,其中研究组患者在自知力恢复以后测评.结果:研究组EPQ评分精神质、神经质、内外倾性显著高于正常对照组(t=5.63,6.11,11.13;P均＜0.01).研究组人格障碍的阳性率(44.44％)高于正常对照组(28.89％)(x2=4.69,P＜0.05).研究组EMBU评分父母惩罚、父母拒绝、父亲保护、母亲干涉因子分高于正常对照组(t=3.03 ～8.20,P均＜0.01),而父亲温暖因子低于正常对照组(t=4.46,P＜0.01). 结论:不良的父母教养方式可能造成独生子女人格障碍,人格障碍与情感障碍的发病有关.     

南通市青少年网络成瘾现状及与父母教养方式的关系

目的 了解南通市青少年网络成瘾现状及与父母教养方式之间的关系,为预防和干预青少年网瘾提供理论依据.方法 采用自制一般情况调查表、Young网络成瘾问卷(IAII)、父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU),对分层、随机抽样收集的3400例中小学生进行调查,小学生、初中生、高中生实际人数比为3∶2∶1.结果 (1)南通市青少年上网率92.14％,男生高于女生(P＜0.05);(2)网络成瘾现患率3.29％,男生高于女生(P＜0.01);(3)初中生和高中生网络成瘾的现患率明显高于小学生 (P＜0.01);(4)学习成绩差的网瘾率明显高于成绩较好和成绩中等者(P＜0.01);(5)成瘾组的EM-BU父母严厉惩罚、过分干涉、拒绝否认、过度保护因子分均显著高于非成瘾组(P＜0.01),而父母的情感温暖因子分非成瘾组显著高于成瘾组(P＜0.01).结论 南通市青少年网络成瘾与父母教养方式密切相关,须引起重视.     

父母养育方式与大学生焦虑水平的关系

目的了解父母养育方式与大学生焦虑水平的关系。方法采用父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）对300名大学生进行调查。结果（1）父母亲养育方式中的“拒绝否认”和父亲的“过度保护”因子存在性别差异；母亲的“过度保护”因子有城乡差异。（2）大学生焦虑水平与父母亲的“情感温暖”因子有显著负相关，与父母亲的“拒绝否认”因子和父亲的“严厉惩罚”、“过度保护”因子有显著正相关。（3）回归分析发现，父亲的“严厉惩罚”固子、“过度保护”因子和母亲的“情感温暖”、“过分干涉保护”因子对大学生的焦虑水平有预测作用。结论父母养育方式与大学生焦虑水平关系密切。     

抑郁障碍患者人格特征与父母教养方式、自身防御方式的相关性

目的 探讨抑郁障碍患者人格特征与父母教养方式、自身防御方式的关系。方法 将徐州市 东方人民医院 2016 年 8 月至 2019 年 7 月收治的 60 例抑郁障碍患者作为观察组，并选择 60 名健康志愿者 为对照组，向两组受试者发放明尼苏达多项个性调查表（MMPI）、父母教养方式评价量表（EMBU）、防御 方式问卷（DSQ），分析抑郁障碍患者人格特征与父母教养方式、自身防御方式的关系。结果 MMPI 量 表评分中，观察组疑病、抑郁、癔症、精神病态、妄想狂、精神衰弱评分均高于对照组（t=12.949、15.893、 20.349、7.188、6.863、5.391，P＜ 0.05）；EMBU 量表评分中，观察组父母情感温暖与理解因子分低于对 照组（t=3.126、3.096，P＜ 0.05），父母惩罚与严厉因子分、拒绝与否认因子分、父亲过度保护因子分、母 亲过分干涉与保护因子分均高于对照组（t=3.256、3.661、4.622、3.744、4.225、2.832，P＜ 0.05）；DSQ 评分 中，观察组不成熟防御机制评分高于对照组（t=4.938，P＜ 0.05），成熟防御机制评分低于对照组（t=3.423， P＜ 0.05）。相关性分析显示，抑郁障碍患者抑郁、精神病态、精神衰弱与其父母惩罚与严厉因子分、 拒绝与否认因子分、父亲过度保护因子分、母亲过分干涉与保护因子分呈正相关（r=0.304～0.348， P＜ 0.05），疑病、抑郁与父母情感温暖与理解因子分呈负相关（r=-0.322～-0.344，P＜ 0.05）；抑郁障碍患 者抑郁、精神病态、妄想狂、精神衰弱与其不成熟防御机制评分呈正相关（r=0.303～0.334，P＜ 0.05），疑 病、抑郁、癔症与其成熟防御机制评分呈负相关（r=-0.305～-0.309，P＜ 0.05）；抑郁障碍患者父母惩罚 与严厉因子分、拒绝与否认因子分、父亲过度保护因子分、母亲过分干涉与保护因子分与其不成熟防御 机制呈正相关（r=0.393～0.418，P＜ 0.05），与其成熟防御机制呈负相关（r=-0.385～-0.407，P＜ 0.05）；父 母情感温暖与理解与其不成熟防御机制呈负相关（r=-0.404、-0.416，P＜ 0.05），与其成熟防御机制呈正 相关（r=0.412、0.422，P＜ 0.05）。结论 抑郁障碍患者人格特征与父母教养方式（父母情感温暖与理解、 惩罚与严厉、拒绝与否认、父亲过度保护、母亲过分干涉与保护）、自身防御方式（不成熟防御机制）具有 相关性。     

首发青少年抑郁症与父母养育方式和自我接纳的关系研究

目的了解父母养育方式和自我接纳与首次发病青少年抑郁症的关系。方法对52例首次抑郁发作的青少年患者和214例正常对照者进行一般社会人口学资料表、父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)和自我接纳问卷(SAQ)测评。结果与正常对照组相比,青少年抑郁症患者的父母更少情感温暖、理解(P<0.01),母亲有更多的拒绝、否认和更少偏爱被试(P<0.05);逐步判别分析显示,母亲的温暖、理解具有统计学判别意义(P<0.01);抑郁症青少年的自我接纳和自我评价显著低于正常青少年(P<0.01)。结论父母养育方式和自我接纳程度低与青少年抑郁发病相关;母亲的情感温暖、理解对青少年抑郁症的影响最大。     

品行障碍患儿父母养育方式及应付方式的研究

目的:探讨父母养育方式对品行障碍患儿的应付方式的影响。方法:采用父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)及应付方式问卷(CSQ)对46例品行障碍患儿和46名正常儿童为对照进行评估,并对父母养育方式与应付方式作相关分析。结果:品行障碍组患儿父母的情感温暖因子分明显低于对照组,而其他各项因子分(除父母的偏爱被试及父亲的过分干涉、过度保护外)则均明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);品行障碍组解决问题评分明显低于对照组,而自责、求助、幻想、退避因子分则明显高于对照组(P<0.01);品行障碍组解决问题、求助与父母的情感温暖因子呈正相关,而与其他各项因子呈负相关;自责、退避与父母的情感温暖因子呈负相关,而与其他各项因子呈正相关。结论:品行障碍患儿多采用消极的应付方式,与父母的养育方式明显相关。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.