贵州省农村贫困地区政府购买妇幼卫生服务的可行性分析

为探讨合同购买妇幼卫生服务在贫困地区农村实施的可行性,文章从社会经济状况、妇幼卫生服务投入、政府合同购买妇幼卫生服务的费用负担和乡镇卫生院卫生人力资源、设施设备情况等方面,对贵州省关岭县、罗甸县和平塘县等3个卫生Ⅷ项目县开展的合同购买妇幼卫生服务试点情况进行了综合分析。结果显示,贵州省贫困地区农村开展合同购买妇幼卫生服务在技术、设施设备和人力资源等方面是可行的,但开展该项工作将给贫困县财政带来较大的费用负担。因此,如果能得到国家在财政上的支持,贵州省贫困地区农村开展政府合同购买妇幼卫生服务是可行的。     

改善卫生服务公平性的选择与尝试

为改善卫生服务的公平性，中国在同世界银行、英国国际发展部、福特基金、美国中华基金合作的“中国基本卫生服务项目”（卫生Ⅷ项目）中，采用了3种方式确定卫生资源的投入方向和服务提供策略，以保证弱势群体获得最基本的卫生服务。（1）地域确定方式：在选定的贫困地区，即贫困省份中的贫困县，投资于卫生基础设施建设，培训卫生人员，提高服务提供能力和质量；（2）服务确定方式；针对当地的主要卫生问题，补贴重点卫生干预，特别是预防服务；（3）家庭确定方式：通过民主程序，确定最贫困的家庭，针对其最基本的需求，为他们提供减免费用的基本卫生服务。对3种方式的试点效果和特征进行了初步分析。     

含义 内容 方式 对象的确认是推进政府购买服务方式的前提

目的:政府购买是卫生服务提供方式的重大变革.方法:政府在基层公共卫生与基本医疗服务中购买服务,以及医疗保障经办业务的政府购买卫生服务的探索实践.结果:通过政府购买服务改变政府兼顾社区公共卫生服务筹资与生产责任的现状,引入竞争机制,合理配置资源,保证服务质量.结论:要试点并推广政府购买服务的新模式,必先确认政府购买卫生服务的含义、内容、方式以及对象.     

“重点卫生干预”掀起盖头来

重点卫生干预，是卫生Ⅷ项目／卫生Ⅷ支持性项目为改善农村贫困地区居民对基本卫生服务的利用，所采取的由项目县根据当地主要卫生问题，按照成本效益原则选择和开展重点卫生干预，建立农村合作医疗，开展特困人口医疗救助的三项策略之首。它通过强化适宜技术的培训、引进健康促进理念、对服务费用适当补偿等综合措施，     

督导在卫生Ⅷ项目地区改善卫生服务中的应用探讨

改善卫生服务，督导是监督和指导项目地区卫生服务的重要过程；是发现项目存在的问题并解决问题的活动。阐述了在实施卫生Ⅷ项目过程中，使用的多种督导方法，其中包括现场督导、信息反馈督导、项目工作会督导、专家组督导等督导方式。对不断提高卫生服务水平，发挥了很好的作用，建议进一步增强有效的督导意识，确保项目的顺利实施；科学决策，合理划分各部门的责任；提高督导人员的综合素质，促进卫生服务持续性健康发展。     

甘肃省利用项目改善基本卫生服务的实践与思考

为了促进卫生Ⅷ项目的顺利实施，改善农村基本卫生服务，提高贫困人口利用基本卫生服务的可及性，达到降低和减轻项目地区群众贫困程度的目的。甘肃省在3个试点县，通过加强项目管理和专家技术力量，加强卫生服务人才培养，临床诊疗规范和基本药物目录使用的试点，建立健全县、乡、村三村保健网，开展特困人口医疗救助，开展合作医疗试点等。提高了卫生资源规划的能力，卫生服务的能力，改善卫生服务质量和工作效率，增加孕产妇对卫生机构服务利用，提高了贫困人口和妇女、儿童对基本卫生服务的可及性，增加群众对卫生服务的可及性。项目地区基本卫生服务状况得到了明显的改善。     

卫生Ⅷ支持性项目中卫生服务提供与利用现状调查分析

为了解贫困地区卫生服务提供情况，便于以后有针对性的进行干预活动，对重庆市巫溪县、黔江区卫生服务提供情况进行了调查。结果显示通过对重庆市巫溪县、黔江区实施卫生Ⅷ项目：（1）改善了卫生服务提供系统；（2）提高了该县、区提供卫生服务的能力；（3）群众对卫生服务的利用得到较大提高。建议进一步加强政府重视，改善其规划管理能力和卫生服务提供能力，增强农民的健康保健意识，提高特困人群、妇女、儿童对基本卫生服务的可及性和健康水平。     

政府购买农村公共卫生服务绩效合同管理初期效果评估

目的:了解政府购买农村公共卫生服务绩效合同管理政策在河南省卫Ⅺ项目县开展情况,发现可能存在的问题,为进一步完善与推广该政策提供依据。方法:利用问卷调查、深度访谈及机构调查等方法对政策的执行方向、设计、效率、公平性及回应度等进行评估。结果:试点地区,政府购买农村公共卫生服务的绩效合同管理使得农村公共卫生服务提供方的工作绩效明显提高,农村居民对公共卫生服务的可获得性增强。结论:政府购买农村公共卫生服务绩效合同管理政策的试点推进顺利,方向正确,并建立了农村公共卫生服务提供的有效激励机制。     

建立购买服务方式配置校医模式的实例分析

目的 以“广州市海珠区以购买服务方式配置学校卫生专业技术人员项目”试点为例,探索该模式的可行性,为学校卫生工作改革提供依据。方法 在全面分析试点项目的基础、模式、内容、预期目标等组成要素基础上,以SWOT法分析该模式在现今形势环境下的可行性。结果 校医与卫生指导员学历构成和职业资格构成的差异均有统计学意义(χ12=44.54,P1<0.05;χ22=20.22,P2<0.05)。校医以护理学,执业助理居多,卫生指导员以预防医学和护理学,执业医师为主。本配置模式优势大于劣势,机会大于威胁,项目具有很大的可行性。结论 购买服务方式配置学校卫生专业技术人员工作具有可行性,应寻求创新,积极探索不同工作模式,推进学校卫生工作改革工作。     

广西政府购买社区卫生服务政策试点效果评析

政府购买是卫生服务提供方式的重大变革。广西政府购买社区卫生服务政策试点现核心问题一是试点工作的"点"的数量不足;二是试点工作的"试"的深度不够;三是试点进行的前奏条件、关键环节、后续保障机制没有建立健全。建议政府购买社区公共卫生服务的局部试点与全局推广必须构建一体两翼的推行模式。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.