内镜精灵结肠镜检查对结肠息肉检出率的影响

目的探讨内镜精灵在结肠镜检查中对结肠息肉检出的价值。方法选取2016年11月—2018年12月于武汉大学人民医院消化内镜中心接受电子结肠镜检查的患者资料共18 667例,按时间段分为5组: A组3 131例（2016年11月—2017年4月）,B组3 703例（2017年5—9月）,C组3 134例（2017年10月—2018年2月）,D组4 347例（2018年3—7月）,E组4 352例（2018年8—12月）,进行回顾性分析。A、B、C组单纯行电子结肠镜检查,D、E组应用内镜精灵行电子结肠镜检查。对各组息肉检出率,大、小息肉检出个数进行统计分析。结果18 667例患者中5 770例患者检出息肉,共检出息肉18 797个。A、B、C 3组息肉检出率分别为21.88%（685/3 131）、26.55%（983/3 703）、22.94%（719/3 134）,检出小息肉个数占比分别为87.31%（2 161/2 475）、87.70%（2 751/3 137）、84.57%（2 356/2 786）,3组间比较差异均无统计学意义（χ2=3.786,P=0.151; χ2=2.177,P=0.377）。D、E组息肉检出率分别为36.16%（1 572/4 347）、41.61%（1 811/4 352）,检出小息肉个数占比分别为90.67%（4 390/4 842）、88.68%（4 928/5 557）,2组比较差异亦无统计学意义（χ2=2.934,P=0.087; χ2=2.416,P=0.120）。内镜精灵结肠镜检查组（D+E组）与单纯结肠镜检查组（A+B+C组）比较,息肉检出率[38.89%（3 383/8 699）比23.95%（2 387/9 968）, χ2=485.668,P<0.001]、小息肉检出个数占比[89.60%（9 318/10 399）比86.54%（7 268/8 398）, χ2=29.215,P<0.001]差异均有统计学意义。结论在电子结肠镜检查时应用内镜精灵,结肠息肉检出率显著提高,特别是小息肉检出率显著提高。     

智能消化内镜质控系统在胃镜检查中的应用价值研究

目的:评价智能消化内镜质控系统在胃镜检查中的质量控制作用。方法:将来自武汉大学人民医院的14例内镜医师按随机数字法分配到质控组和对照组。在质控前阶段（2019年4月20日—2019年5月31日）,回顾性收集入组内镜医师的胃镜检查资料信息。在质控培训阶段（2019年6月1—30日）,质控组内镜医师培训质控相关知识和智能消...     

单中心结肠镜质量控制的回顾性横断面研究

目的　全面评价甘肃省人民医院内镜中心结肠镜检查质量,为评估我国目前消化内镜检查质量提供基线数据和理论依据。方法　依托甘肃省人民医院内镜中心数据库,采用单中心、回顾性、横断面研究方法,收集2021年1月1日—2021年12月31日在甘肃省人民医院消化内镜中心行结肠镜检查的全部患者资料,分析息肉检出率、腺瘤检出率、盲肠插管率、肠道准备充分率等质控指标,评价本中心结肠镜检查质量。结果　研究共纳入7 562例结肠镜检查患者,年龄（51.61±13.59）岁,其中男4 286例（56.7%）、女3 276例（43.3%）。门诊患者4 924例（65.1%）,住院患者2 638例（34.9%）。由专职内镜医师完成检查患者6 456例（85.4%）,由非专职医师（消化科或肛肠科医师）完成检查患者1 106例（14.6%）。总体腺瘤检出率、息肉检出率、盲肠插管率、肠道准备充分率分别为11.9%（900/7 562）、32.9%（2 488/7 562）、93.0%（7 030/7 562）、91.3%（6 906/7 562）。男性、高年龄段、住院患者以及由专职内镜医师完成检查患者的腺瘤检出率、息肉检出率更高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　甘肃省人民医院结肠镜检查的盲肠插管率、肠道准备充分率均能达到现有指南要求,但仍需进一步提高腺瘤检出率。高龄、男性是结肠镜筛查的重点人群。此外,应重视对内镜检查医师规范化培训,以进一步提高结肠镜检查质量。     

定期反馈对结直肠癌机会性筛查中 腺瘤检出率的影响

目的探索在全结肠镜检查行结直肠癌机会性筛查中实行腺瘤检出率（adenoma detection rate,ADR）定期反馈制度是否可提高内镜医师ADR。方法本研究为观察性研究,研究分为3个阶段：干预前的基线阶段（简称干预前）、定期反馈阶段（简称干预期）和干预后阶段（简称干预后）。干预前：回顾2017年6月—2018年5月在首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院消化内科进行结直肠癌机会性筛查的所有患者资料,计算每名内镜医师的ADR。干预期：2018年6月—2018年11月由参与反馈的内镜医师对结直肠癌机会性筛查的患者进行全结肠镜检查,每个月初计算每名内镜医师前一个月的ADR并以报告单的形式提供反馈。干预后：2018年12月—2019年1月由参与反馈的内镜医师对结直肠癌机会性筛查的患者进行全结肠镜检查,计算反馈干预停止后每名内镜医师的ADR。比较3个阶段的ADR和息肉检出率（polyp detection rate,PDR）。结果干预前、干预期和干预后分别纳入1 768例、1 308例和344例结直肠癌机会性筛查患者。共有8名内镜医师参与研究全过程。总ADR从干预前的23.70%（419/1 768）升高至干预期的33.72%（441/1 308）（χ2=37.449,P＜0.05）。干预后2个月,ADR轻度下降至33.14%（114/344）,但与干预前相比,仍然升高（χ2=13.602,P＜0.05）。总PDR从干预前的47.17%（834/1 768）提高至干预期的52.68%（689/1 308）,两者相比差异有统计学意义（χ2=9.111,P＜0.05）。停止干预后,PDR轻度上升至53.78%（185/344）,与干预前相比差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.035,P＜0.05）。结论在结直肠癌机会性筛查中,对内镜医师进行ADR的定期反馈可以提高结直肠ADR。     

老年人与中青年人大肠不同肠段息肉与腺瘤检出率相关性分析

[目的]探讨老年人及中青年人大肠中不同肠段的息肉检出率与腺瘤检出率之间的关系,为个体内镜医师改善不同肠段的结肠镜检查效率提供数据支持。[方法]回顾性分析9名个体内镜医师2013年1月~2013年6月共进行的2 419例结肠镜检查及病理资料,其中老年组（≥60岁）453例,中青年人组（〈60岁）1 966例;按照不同年龄、不同肠段分别计算9名内镜医师平均息肉检出率和腺瘤检出率,并使用皮尔逊相关系数（r）比较息肉检出率与腺瘤检出率之间的相关性。[结果]老年组平均息肉、腺瘤检出率（53.9%、30.1%）均高于中青年组平均息肉、腺瘤检出率（38.5%、19.5%）。与右半结肠比较,中青年组左半结肠各肠段的息肉检出率与腺瘤检出率更具良好的相关性。老年组回盲部（r=0.66,P〈0.05）、乙状结肠（r=0.77,P〈0.05）及直肠（r=0.47,P〈0.05）的息肉检出率与腺瘤检出率相关性较低;老年组左半结肠的腺瘤检出率（21.8%）与近端结肠（20.3%）无明显差别。[结论]我们应该提高对大肠不同肠段息肉、腺瘤检出率的关注程度;应适当放宽老年人进行结肠镜检查的适应证,提倡老年人尽量进行结肠镜检查,减少腺瘤性息肉癌变的机会,并加强老年人结肠镜检查质量。     

上海市消化内镜诊疗现状分析

通过全面了解上海市消化内镜诊疗工作现状,为上海市消化内镜诊疗规范和质控标准的修订提供决策支持。此次调查针对上海市145家开展消化内镜诊疗工作的医院,调查采用网络填报方式,调查对象通过调查网页填报各项条目,调查内容主要包括消化内镜从业人员情况、诊疗技术开展情况和质量安全情况。结果显示：2019年上海市消化内镜医师数量为1 212名,占全部执业医师比率（1.59%）居全国第一。全年内镜诊疗共开展190.26万例,医师工作压力较大。从单病种质控指标来看,各类消化道早期癌检出率和肠腺瘤检出率保持在较高水准。以上结果提示,2019年上海市消化内镜医师数量、诊疗量和单病种质控指标在全国处于领先地位。     

内镜护士参与观察对结肠镜下息肉检出率的影响

目的:探讨结肠镜检查过程中内镜护士辅助观察对内镜下息肉检出率的影响.方法:本研究为前瞻性研究,总结2014-01/06于青岛大学附属医院内镜室行肠镜检查病例,随机分为2组,1组由单独内镜医师观察,另外1组增加1名内镜护士共同观察屏幕寻找病变,分析内镜下息肉及腺瘤检出率,并进行比较.结果:共1192例患者完成结肠镜检查,协作组息肉检出率明显提高(33.19%vs 27.81%,P=0.000),两组的腺瘤检出率无明显差异(20.88%vs 20.55%,P=0.889).协作组的小息肉检出率明显高于医师组(P=0.006),左半结肠及右半结肠的息肉检出率均高于医师组,两组间有明显差异(P=0.017).结论:训练有素的内镜护士作为一个额外的观察者参与观察是一个提高结肠镜下息肉检出率的有效的策略.     

单中心结肠镜质量控制的回顾性横断面研究

目的全面评价甘肃省人民医院内镜中心结肠镜检查质量, 为评估我国目前消化内镜检查质量提供基线数据和理论依据。方法依托甘肃省人民医院内镜中心数据库, 采用单中心、回顾性、横断面研究方法, 收集2021年1月1日—2021年12月31日在甘肃省人民医院消化内镜中心行结肠镜检查的全部患者资料, 分析息肉检出率、腺瘤检出率、盲肠插管率、肠道准备充分率等质控指标, 评价本中心结肠镜检查质量。结果研究共纳入7 562例结肠镜检查患者, 年龄(51.61±13.59)岁, 其中男4 286例(56.7%)、女3 276例(43.3%)。门诊患者4 924例(65.1%), 住院患者2 638例(34.9%)。由专职内镜医师完成检查患者6 456例(85.4%), 由非专职医师(消化科或肛肠科医师)完成检查患者1 106例(14.6%)。总体腺瘤检出率、息肉检出率、盲肠插管率、肠道准备充分率分别为11.9%(900/7 562)、32.9%(2 488/7 562)、93.0%(7 030/7 562)、91.3%(6 906/7 562)。男性、高年龄段、住院患者以及由专职内镜医师完成检查患者的腺瘤检...     

人工智能系统对胃癌前状态检出率影响的单中心自身对照临床研究

目的　评估人工智能系统对胃癌前状态检出率的影响。方法　采用单中心自身对照研究方法，在控制内镜主机、内镜型号、操作医师、季节气候等混杂因素一致的前提下，以病理学为金标准，统计分析并对比武汉市第八医院在传统胃镜操作阶段（2019-09-01—2019-11-30）和人工智能系统辅助内镜操作阶段（2020-09-01—2020-11-15）胃癌前状态（包括胃黏膜萎缩和肠上皮化生）检出率，并按照医师年资分层做亚组分析。结果　与传统胃镜操作相比，人工智能系统可显著提高胃黏膜萎缩［13.3%（38/286）比7.4%（24/323），χ2=5.689，P=0.017］和肠上皮化生检出率［33.9%（97/286）比26.0%（84/323），χ2=4.544，P=0.033］。在低年资医师（小于5年内镜经验）中，人工智能系统对胃黏膜萎缩［11.9%（22/185）比5.8%（11/189），χ2=4.284，P=0.038］和肠上皮化生检出率［30.3%（56/185）比20.6%（39/189），χ2=4.580，P=0.032］的提升作用更加显著；在高年资医师（大于10年内镜经验）中，尽管胃黏膜萎缩和肠上皮化生检出率稍增加，但差异无统计学意义。结论　人工智能系统有潜力提升内镜医师尤其是低年资内镜医师癌前状态检出率，减少早期胃癌漏诊。     

复合分光染色内镜与普通内镜结肠息肉检出率的对比研究

目的比较复合分光染色技术(compound band imaging, CBI)与普通内镜检查对结肠息肉检出率的影响。方法选取解放军联勤保障部队第九○○医院2019年1月—2019年7月行结肠镜检查的患者,随机分为CBI组(在CBI模式下进行结肠镜检查)和白光组（进行常规结肠镜检查）,比较两组患者息肉检出率。结果最终入组307例患者。CBI组患者结肠息肉总体检出率为44.2%（69/156）,高于白光组的30.5%（46/151)(χ2=6.208,P=0.013）。CBI组共检出息肉191枚,白光组共检出98枚,其中平坦型息肉（101枚比42枚）、非肿瘤性息肉（116枚比50枚）、直径≤5 mm息肉（99枚比41枚）、隆起型息肉（90枚比56枚）检出数量CBI组多于白光组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;肿瘤性息肉（75枚比48枚）、直径>5 mm息肉（92枚比57枚）检出数量两组差异无统计学意义（P≥0.05）。结论CBI可提高结肠息肉检出率,尤其是微小息肉和平坦型息肉,值得临床推广应用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.