江门市中学生非自杀性自伤行为的流行病学特征及影响因素分析

目的 了解江门市中学生非自杀性自伤（NSSI）行为的流行病学特征及影响因素。方法 于2020年11月-12月,采用分层随机抽样法,抽取江门市1 220名中学生为研究对象。采用自编调查问卷、中学生应对方式量表、Olweus儿童欺负问卷初中版（BVQ）、青少年社会支持量表及流调中心用抑郁量表（CES-D）进行评定。运用二元Logistic回归分析探讨中学生NSSI行为的影响因素。结果 共检出204名（16.72%）中学生曾有过NSSI行为,其中男生67人、女生137人。NSSI组与非NSSI组在性别、学段、住校情况、同伴关系及学习成绩上差异均有统计学意义（χ²=22.162、7.247、6.541、45.787、25.097,P<0.05或0.01）。与非NSSI组相比,NSSI组CES-D评分（t=-14.240）和BVQ评分（t=-5.952）更高,青少年社会支持量表评分更低（t=9.238）,中学生应对方式量表问题应对分量表评分更低（t=7.148）,情绪应对分量表评分更高（t=-7.038）,受校园欺凌、语言欺凌和关系欺凌检出率更高（χ²=34.215,29.785,16.465）,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）。二元Logistic回归分析结果显示,抑郁（OR=1.090,P<0.01）及受校园欺凌（OR=1.492,P<0.05）进入回归模型。结论 江门市中学生NSSI形势严峻,抑郁及受校园欺凌是其发生NSSI行为的危险因素。     

伴失眠的抑郁症患者睡眠认知特征及其对睡眠质量的影响

目的 了解伴失眠的抑郁症患者对睡眠的信念与态度，并探讨其对睡眠质量的影响。方法 纳入在首都医科大学附属北京安定医院就诊、符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第4版）》（DSM-IV）诊断标准的伴失眠的抑郁症患者（n=61）和原发性失眠患者（n=62）为研究对象，并招募健康对照组（n=64）。三组被试均接受睡眠功能失调信念和态度量表（DBAS）及匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）评定，伴失眠的抑郁症患者同时接受汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版（HAMD-17）评定。采用协方差分析比较三组被试PSQI和DBAS评分。采用多元线性回归分析探讨伴失眠的抑郁症患者PSQI评分的影响因素。结果 伴失眠的抑郁症组和原发性失眠组PSQI评分均高于对照组（t=18.932、18.610，P均<0.01），两组DBAS评分均低于对照组（t=-5.561、-5.791，P均<0.01）。以伴失眠的抑郁症患者PSQI评分作为因变量，建立的多元线性回归方程具有统计学意义（F=14.095，R²=0.327，P<0.05），DBAS中对睡眠的预测与控制因子和年龄是患者睡眠质量的影响因素（B=-0.100、-0.279，P<0.05或0.01）。结论 伴失眠的抑郁症患者比正常人存在更多的睡眠相关负性认知，且不良认知可能是其睡眠质量的影响因素。     

新冠肺炎疫情常态化防控下社区居民心理健康状况及相关因素

目的 调查在新冠肺炎疫情常态化防控下社区居民的心理健康状况并分析其相关因素。方法 本研究为横断面调查，采用滚雪球抽样法，于2020年8月28日-9月7日通过问卷星网络平台向居民发放调查问卷。采用患者健康问卷抑郁量表（PHQ-9）、广泛性焦虑量表（GAD-7）、失眠严重程度指数量表（ISI）及中文版知觉压力量表（CPSS）评估居民的心理健康状况。结果 476名居民抑郁、焦虑、失眠及高水平压力症状检出率分别为32.35%、21.22%、24.58%及48.74%。男性高水平压力症状检出率高于女性（χ²=5.269），未婚、离异或丧偶居民的抑郁及焦虑症状检出率均高于已婚居民（χ²=5.251、8.851），有心理服务需求的居民抑郁、焦虑、失眠及高水平压力症状检出率均高于无此需求的居民（χ²=46.316、66.934、20.153、21.576），差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05或0.01）。相关分析显示，社区居民年龄与CPSS评分呈负相关（r=-0.171，P<0.01），睡眠时间与PHQ-9、GAD-7及ISI评分均呈负相关（r=-0.210、-0.247、-0.297，P均<0.01），关注疫情信息时长与ISI评分呈负相关（r=-0.097，P<0.05）。结论 在疫情常态化防控下，居民的抑郁、焦虑、失眠及高水平压力症状仍较常见。男性和年轻居民更有可能出现高水平压力症状，睡眠时间短和有心理服务需求的居民更有可能出现抑郁、焦虑及失眠症状，关注疫情信息时长越短越有可能出现失眠症状。     

医学生偏头痛患者睡眠时间不足的发生率及影响因素分析

目的 调查医学生偏头痛患者睡眠时间不足的发生率及影响因素，为改善睡眠质量提供参考。方法 采用整群抽样方法，于2018年7月-2019年7月选取川北医学院在校医学生中符合《国际头痛疾病分类（第3版）》（ICHD-3）偏头痛诊断标准的546名患者为研究对象，并根据每夜睡眠时间是否>6 h分为睡眠时间充足组（n=367）与睡眠时间不足组（n=179）。收集医学生一般人口学资料及临床资料，采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）评定睡眠情况，采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）和汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版（HAMD-24）评定焦虑抑郁情况，采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）和头痛影响测试量表（HIT-6）评定头痛严重程度及其对日常生活的影响。采用Logistic回归分析探索偏头痛患者睡眠时间不足的影响因素。结果 在546名医学生偏头痛患者中，有179人（32.78%）存在睡眠时间不足。睡眠时间不足组和睡眠时间充足组的年龄（t=2.107）、头痛频率（Z=-2.972）、焦虑状态（χ2=14.053）、抑郁状态（χ2=10.773）、PSQI评分（t=-13.247）及睡眠质量（χ2=94.754）差异均有统计学意义（P?0.05或0.01）。相关分析显示，偏头痛患者睡眠时间与年龄呈负相关（r=-0.100，P<0.01），与头痛频率、焦虑状态、抑郁状态呈正相关（r=0.135、0.169、0.139，P均<0.01）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，年龄（OR=0.860，95% CI：0.743~0.996，P=0.045）、头痛频率（OR=1.051，95% CI：1.006~1.098，P=0.026）、抑郁状态（OR=1.712，95% CI：1.024~2.861，P=0.040）是医学生偏头痛患者睡眠时间不足的影响因素。结论 医学生偏头痛患者睡眠时间不足的发生率较高，头痛频率高和抑郁状态是其危险因素，年龄是保护因素。     

精神障碍患者及家属病耻感与主观幸福感的相关性

目的 了解精神障碍患者及其共同居住家属的病耻感与主观幸福感现状,分析其相关性,并探索同一家庭中患者及其家属主观幸福感受病耻感影响的差异。方法 选取2019年10月-11月在成都市某三甲精神专科医院门诊就诊的精神障碍患者（n=154）及其家属（n=154）为研究对象,采用自编人口学资料调查表、自编精神疾病相关资料调查表、简明版精神疾病内在病耻感量表（ISMI-10）及幸福感指数量表（IWB）进行评定。结果 共有118名（76.62%）精神障碍患者和151名（98.05%）家属存在病耻感。家属ISMI-10总评分及各因子评分均高于患者（P均<0.01）,IWB总评分及各因子评分均低于患者（P均<0.01）;Pearson相关分析显示,患者及家属ISMI-10总评分与IWB总评分均呈负相关（r=-0.600、-0.202,P<0.05或0.01）。多元线性回归分析显示,在控制精神障碍患者人口学及疾病相关变量后,回归模型拟合较好（校正R²=0.457）,模型具有统计学意义（F=26.746,P<0.01）。精神障碍患者家属回归模型拟合较差（校正R²=0.035）,在控制家属人口学变量后,模型具有统计学意义（F=3.769,P<0.01）。结论 精神障碍患者的病耻感水平低于其家属,而主观幸福感高于家属。患者及家属的病耻感与主观幸福感密切相关。精神障碍患者病耻感是主观幸福感的重要影响因素。     

舍曲林联合小剂量阿立哌唑治疗儿童青少年强迫性障碍的随机对照研究

目的 探讨舍曲林联合小剂量阿立哌唑治疗儿童青少年强迫性障碍的效果和安全性。方法 选取2018年6月-2020年5月于厦门市某精神病专科医院门诊就诊、符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）强迫性障碍诊断标准的9~16岁儿童青少年患者62例为研究对象,采用完全随机法分为研究组（n=32）与对照组（n=30）,对照组采用舍曲林单药治疗,研究组采用舍曲林联合小剂量阿立哌唑治疗。于治疗前和治疗第2、4、8、12周末采用耶鲁-布朗强迫量表儿童版（CY-BOCS）评定患儿的强迫症状,采用副反应量表（TESS）评定药物不良反应,比较两种治疗方法在疗效及不良反应的差异。结果 治疗第2、4周末,研究组CY-BOCS强迫行为维度评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（t=-2.083、-2.176,P均<0.05）;治疗第2周末,研究组治疗有效率（40.63%）高于对照组（3.33%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=12.317,P<0.01）;截止到治疗12周末,两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（χ²=1.608,P=0.205）。结论 舍曲林联合小剂量阿立哌唑治疗可能有助于更快改善儿童青少年强迫性障碍的强迫行为,而联合用药与单用舍曲林安全性相当。     

基于结构方程模型探讨青少年睡眠质量与负性生活事件、应对方式的关系

目的 采用结构方程模型探讨青少年睡眠质量与负性生活事件、应对方式之间的关系,为改善青少年睡眠质量提供参考。方法 于2021年12月-2022年5月,选取重庆市3所中学767名初中生为研究对象,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）、青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）和简易应对方式量表（SCSQ）评估青少年睡眠质量、负性生活事件以及应对方式。采用结构方程模型分析睡眠质量与负性生活事件、应对方式之间的关系。结果 检出存在睡眠障碍者222人（28.94%）,青少年PSQI评分与ASLEC评分、SCSQ消极应对维度评分均呈正相关（r=0.612、0.590,P均<0.01）,与积极应对维度评分呈负相关（r=-0.435,P<0.01）。构建负性生活事件、应对方式和睡眠质量关系的结构方程模型,结果显示,青少年负性生活事件对睡眠质量有直接和间接正向效应（β=0.448、0.322,P<0.05）,积极应对对睡眠质量有直接负向效应（β=-0.368,P<0.05）,消极应对对睡眠质量有直接正向效应（β=0.442,P<0.05）。结论 负性生活事件和消极应对对青少年睡眠质量产生负向影响,积极应对对青少年睡眠质量产生正向影响。     

早发和晚发型强迫症住院患者临床特征及发病年龄的影响因素

背景 强迫症病因复杂且临床表现异质性高,不同年龄段起病的强迫症患者在临床症状及病因学上存在差异,目前针对早发型和晚发型强迫症住院患者的研究有限。目的 探讨早发型和晚发型住院强迫症患者临床特征的差异及影响强迫症发病年龄的因素,为强迫症患者的早期筛查及治疗提供参考。方法 收集2012年3月-2023年3月在南京医科大学附属脑科医院住院治疗的540例强迫症患者的病历资料。以起病年龄18岁为界,将患者分为早发组（n=310）和晚发组（n=230）,比较两组患者人口学资料及临床症状的差异。使用二元Logistic回归分析影响强迫症患者发病年龄的因素。结果 人口学资料方面,早发组和晚发组的性别、婚姻状况、精神疾病家族史、共病精神疾病、工作情况、受教育程度、强迫症状种类差异均有统计学意义（χ²=22.302、170.556、9.224、13.624、242.277、59.791、7.231,P均<0.05或0.01）,两组起病年龄、住院时年龄差异有统计学意义（Z=-19.915、16.831,P均<0.01）;临床症状方面,早发组强迫思维（χ²=11.998,P<0.05）、排序类（χ²=7.731,P<0.05）、仪式化类症状（χ²=7.714,P<0.05）比例高于晚发组,检查类（χ²=8.204,P<0.05）及清洗类（χ²=7.506,P<0.05）症状比例低于晚发组。共病神经发育障碍、共病情感障碍、有精神分裂症家族史、有情感障碍家族史是影响强迫症患者发病年龄的独立危险因素（OR=19.587、1.830、3.065、4.431,P均<0.05）,其中共病神经发育障碍是影响强迫症患者发病年龄的核心因素,女性是早发患者的保护因素（OR=0.417,P<0.01）。结论 早发和晚发型强迫症住院患者在人口学资料及临床症状上存在差异,共病神经发育障碍是影响强迫症住院患者起病年龄的核心危险因素。     

基层行政管理人员抑郁情绪与精神卫生知识知晓度及精神疾病态度的关系

目的 了解基层行政管理人员抑郁情绪与精神卫生知识知晓度及精神疾病态度的关系，为进一步提高精神卫生服务和建设社会心理服务体系提供参考。方法 于2020年10月选取济南市历城区690名街道办事处基层行政管理人员为研究对象，采用自编一般情况调查表、精神卫生与心理保健知识问卷、精神疾病有关态度问卷和抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行评定。采用多因素线性逐步回归分析探讨基层行政管理人员精神卫生知识知晓度及精神疾病态度的影响因素。结果 共检出248人（37.07%）存在抑郁情绪，不同年龄（χ²=16.110）、受教育程度（χ²=18.949）、婚姻状况（χ²=8.611）、职务（χ²=11.584）者抑郁情绪检出率差异均有统计学意义（P?0.05或0.01）。基层行政管理人员精神卫生与心理保健知识问卷评分为（15.20±2.77）分，知晓率为75.99%，精神疾病有关态度问卷评分为36（31~38）分。抑郁情绪严重程度与精神卫生与心理保健知识问卷评分呈负相关（r=-0.379，P?0.01），与精神疾病有关态度问卷评分呈正相关（r=0.103，P=0.007）。回归分析显示，受教育程度（β=0.141，P<0.01）和抑郁情绪严重程度（β=-0.305，P<0.01）是精神卫生知识知晓度的影响因素，抑郁情绪严重程度（β=0.083，P=0.034）是精神疾病态度的影响因素。结论 基层行政管理人员抑郁情绪检出率较高，并且抑郁情绪越严重，其精神卫生知识知晓度越低，对精神疾病的态度越正面。     

不同性别精神障碍患者尿路感染病原菌差异分析

目的 分析广州市某医院不同性别的精神障碍住院患者尿路感染病原菌分布及药敏试验结果的差异，为临床诊疗过程中合理用药提供参考。方法 回顾分析2019年-2020年广州市某医院住院精神障碍患者尿路感染的临床病例资料，共326例，其中男性126例，女性200例。收集患者性别、年龄、尿液培养的细菌鉴定及药敏试验结果等数据。分析不同性别的患者尿路感染病原菌的细菌分布及耐药率的差异。结果 共分离出尿路感染细菌326株，其中多重耐药菌103株（31.60%）。男性和女性患者尿路感染多重耐药菌分别为52株（41.27%）和51株（25.50%），男性患者尿路感染的多重耐药菌分离率高于女性患者，差异有统计学意义（χ²=8.895，P<0.01）。细菌分布方面，女性患者大肠埃希菌构成比高于男性患者（χ²=14.794），而鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的构成比低于男性患者（χ²=13.665、4.054），差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05或0.01）。药敏试验结果显示，女性患者组中分离出的大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、氨曲南、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、左旋氧氟沙星、亚胺培南和美罗培南等多种抗生素的耐药率均低于男性患者组，差异均有统计学意义（χ²=5.028~17.680，P<0.05或0.01）。结论 不同性别的住院精神障碍患者尿路感染的发病率和细菌分布存在差异，女性患者大肠埃希菌的耐药率低于男性患者。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Oxytocin and vasopressin agonists and antagonists as research tools and potential therapeutics

We recently reviewed the status of peptide and nonpeptide agonists and antagonists for the V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) receptors for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the oxytocin receptor for oxytocin (OT). In the present review, we update the status of peptides and nonpeptides as: (i) research tools and (ii) therapeutic agents. We also present our recent findings on the design of fluorescent ligands for V(1b) receptor localisation and for OT receptor dimerisation. We note the exciting discoveries regarding two novel naturally occurring analogues of OT. Recent reports of a selective VP V(1a) agonist and a selective OT agonist point to the continued therapeutic potential of peptides in this field. To date, only two nonpeptides, the V(2) /V(1a) antagonist, conivaptan and the V(2) antagonist tolvaptan have received Food and Drug Administration approval for clinical use. The development of nonpeptide AVP V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) antagonists and OT agonists and antagonists has recently been abandoned by Merck, Sanofi and Pfizer. A promising OT antagonist, Retosiban, developed at Glaxo SmithKline is currently in a Phase II clinical trial for the prevention of premature labour. A number of the nonpeptide ligands that were not successful in clinical trials are proving to be valuable as research tools. Peptide agonists and antagonists continue to be very widely used as research tools in this field. In this regard, we present receptor data on some of the most widely used peptide and nonpeptide ligands, as a guide for their use, especially with regard to receptor selectivity and species differences.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.