泌尿系统原发性原始神经外胚层瘤临床病理分析

目的 探讨泌尿系统原发性原始神经外胚层瘤(primitive neuroectodermal tumor,PNET)的临床病理特征、免疫学表型、治疗方法及预后.方法 回顾性分析3例泌尿系统原发性PNET患者资料.3例均为男性,年龄分别为29、32和75岁.2例原发于肾脏,1例原发于膀胱.2例肾肿瘤大小分别为7.7 cm×6.2 cm和12.6 cm×9.4 cm,影像学检查提示肿瘤边界尚清,内部回声欠均匀.膀胱肿瘤大小为10.0 cm×10.0 cm,影像学检查提示膀胱壁不规则增厚,其内密度不均匀.2例肾肿瘤行肿瘤根治术,膀胱肿瘤行血块取出术及肿瘤活检术.结果 光镜下,瘤细胞为形态一致的小圆形或卵圆形,被纤维结缔组织分隔成实性片状或巢状,并形成假菊形团或Homer-Wright菊形团,核分裂象多见.免疫组化标记:3例肿瘤CD99、突触素和波形蛋白均为阳性.1例肾肿瘤Ki67阳性率＜5%,另1例80%阳性.3例病理诊断均为PNET.例1肾肿瘤患者未行化疗,于术后14个月复发死亡;例2肾肿瘤及例3膀胱肿瘤患者术后予以化疗,分别于术后4、6个月死亡.结论泌尿系统原发性PNET是一种少见的高度恶性软组织肿瘤,诊断主要依据病理形态学特征及免疫组化标记.目前治疗方法主要是手术加放、化疗.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinico-pathological features, immunophenotype, treatment and prognosis of urologic primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). Methods The clinical data of 3 patients with urologic PNET were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were male, aged 29, 32 and 75 years respectively. Two of the lesions were located in the kidney, and the third was located in the bladder. The sizes of renal tumors were 7.7 cm×6.2 cm and 12.6 cm×9.4 cm respectively. Imaging examinations revealed a well-defined mass with inhomogeneous echo inside. The size of bladder tumor was 10.0 cm×10.0 cm. CT scan demonstrated irregular thickening of the bladder wall, and the density of the wall was inhomogeneous. In the 2 cases of renal PNET radical surgery was performed, while an emergency palliative surgery to remove a blood clot and biopsy were performed in the bladder PNET case. Results In light microscope, the tumors were characterized by uniform small round or oval cells and nest-like or dense sheet structures surrounded by sparse fibrovascular stroma. Homer-Wright rosettes or pseudorosettes were observed, as well as mitoses. Immunohistochemical study revealed that all cases showed positive staining for CD99, synaptophysin and vimentin. One of the renal tumor cells showed positive for CD56, and the other renal tumor and urocystic tumor cells were focally positive for chromogranin A. Additionally, in 1 of the cases of renal tumor there was a high positive rate of 80% for Ki67 staining while the other case showed less than 5%. All 3 cases were eventually diagnosed as PNET. The first renal tumor case was not treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy postoperatively, and the patient died of recurrence 14 months after surgery. Both the second renal tumor case and the bladder tumor case underwent chemotherapy postoperatively, and they died 4 and 6 months after surgery respectively. Conclusions The urologic primary PNET is a very rare, highly malignant soft tissue tumor, and the diagnosis must be based on pathologic findings and immunohistochemical phenotypes. The multimodal treatment for urologic primary PNET consists of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.     

后腹腔镜下冷冻消融治疗小肾肿瘤的初步报告

Objective To present the technique and short-term results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation for small renal tumors. Methods Ten selected patients cases with 11 renal tumors were included in present study. There were 3 cases of left renal tumor, 6 cases of right renal tumor and 1 case of bilateral renal tumors. Tumors were located at the upper pole (2), middle (6), or lower pole (3). All tumors were located distant from the collecting system, without evidence of metastatic disease. Mean tumor size was 2. 8 cm (range: 1.5-4.0). All the patients were managed with a double freeze-thaw cycle of retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation. The preoperative Hb was (137± 21)g/L, ESR was (27±12)mm/1 h, SCr was (92±41)μmol/L, GFR was (42±10)ml/min.All the patients were taken routine biopsies. Results Cryoablation was technically successful in all 10 patients (11 tumors). The mean time of the operations was (101 ± 31) min, and the mean blood loss was (42±21) ml. None of the cases received blood transfusion post-operation. No operative complication was seen. The postoperative hospital stay was (4±2) d. The postoperative Hb was (129 ±18)g/L,ESR was (31±14)mm/1 h,SCr was (95±39)μmol/L,GFR was (40±11)ml/min. There was no statistic change of Hb, ESR, SCr and ECT-GFR after operations(P＞0. 05). The biopsy results revealed that 8 tumors were renal clear cell carcinomas, and 2 tumors were papillary renal cell carcinomas, and 1 tumor was renal angiomyolipoma. All the patients had a minimum follow-up of 6 months (mean 16, range 6 to 21). Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging at 1, 3, and 6 months identified the punched-out, nonenhancing, spontaneously resorbing, renal cryolesions. Follow-up biopsie of the cryoablated tumor site was negative in the only patient who have undergone the biopsy. No evidence of local or port-site recurrence was found, and no metastatic disease. Conclusions Retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation for small renal tumors could be an accurate and effective intervention with a relatively low incidence of complications. Critical long-term data regarding laparoscopic renal cryoablation are awaited.     

经皮肾镜技术治疗上尿路肿瘤的初步经验

目的 评价经皮肾镜技术在上尿路肿瘤中的应用效果.方法 2006年6月至2010年6月经皮肾镜治疗上尿路肿瘤患者8例(10侧).男6例(7侧),女2例(3侧).年龄52～72岁,平均61岁.孤立肾4例,慢性肾功能不全2例,双侧肾盂肿瘤2例.高级别肿瘤4侧,低级别肿瘤6侧.肿瘤直径0.5～3.5 cm,平均2.6 cm.患者均接受经皮肾镜激光或电刀肿瘤切除术,术中留置输尿管支架管,术后经肾造瘘管灌注化疗药物.结果 8例手术均获成功,手术时间45～95 min,平均73 min;术中出血量20～300 ml,平均50 ml,术后SCr水平较术前下降或无明显变化.随访10～36个月,采用CT、MRI及输尿管镜检观察肿瘤复发情况.1例死于肿瘤转移,2例肿瘤局部复发.余5例未见肿瘤复发.结论 经皮肾镜技术治疗上尿路肿瘤安全可行,手术效果良好,对不宜行肾输尿管切除术的上尿路肿瘤患者来说是一种良好的选择.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the application of percutaneous nephroscopy in the treatment of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma, particularly renal pelvic carcinoma. Methods From June 2006 to June 2010, eight cases (with 10 sides) of renal pelvic carcinoma received percutaneous nephroscopy tumor resection. There were six males (with 7 sides) and two females (with 3 sides) in the study group. There were six cases with solitary kidney and two cases with bilateral renal pelvic tumors. There were four cases with high-grade tumors and six cases with low-grade tumors. The age of patients ranged from 52 to 72 yrs (average 61.2 yrs). Tumor sizes ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 cm (average 2.6 cm). Patients were treated with laser or electrocautery through percutaneous nephroscopy. A ureteral stent was placed in the patients after the procedure. Chemotherapy was administered postoperatively through the nephrostomy tube. Results All the operations were successfully completed uneventfully. The operative time was 45-95 min (average 73 min), estimated blood loss was 20-300 ml (average 50 ml). No remarkable differences were found in serum creatinine levels before and after operation. After 10 to 36 mon. follow-up by CT, MRI, and ureteroscopy, one patient died of tumor metastasis and two patients had local tumor recurrence. The remaining patients had no local recurrence. Conclusions Percutaneous nephroscopy in treating renal pelvic tumor is safe and feasible. This is a better choice for the renal pelvic carcinoma patients who are unsuitable for ureteronephrectomy.     

经腹肾癌根治术并系统性淋巴结清扫治疗肾细胞癌临床分析(附136例报告)

目的 评价经腹腔肾癌根治性肾切除术并系统性淋巴结清扫术的安全性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2004年7月至2008年6月经腹直肌旁切口行根治性肾切除和系统性淋巴结清扫术治疗肾细胞癌136例患者的资料.男92例,女44例;年龄23～81岁,平均54岁.肿瘤最大径15～170 mm,平均55 mm.体检时B超检查发现66例(61%),以皮肤转移为首发症状者2例.术前均进行B超、CT及核素骨扫描检查,肿瘤临床分期:T1 108例,T2 14例,T3 12例,T4 2例.结果 本组手术时间90～180 min,平均120 min.出血量20～400 ml,平均50 ml.术后肠道功能恢复时间为(24±12)h,术后住院天数为(7±2)d.术后病理结果:肾透明细胞癌123例(90.4%),乳头状肾细胞癌6例(4.4%),嫌色细胞癌2例(1.4%),集合管癌2例(1.4%),其他3例(2.2%).淋巴结转移8例.T1期92例,T2期11例,T3期10例,T4期10例.95例(69.9%)获随访,随访时间6～40个月,平均20个月.1、3年生存率分别为95.8%(91/95)、86.3%(82/95).结论 系统性淋巴清扫肾癌根治术能有效切除肿瘤,可准确分期,防止局部复发,安全可靠,疗效良好.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of abdominal radical nephrectomy and systematic lymph node dissection for treatment of renal carcinoma. Methods A total of 136 patients underwent radical nephrectomy and regional clearance of lymph nodes from July 2004 to June 2008.There were 92 males and 44 females in the study group.Ages ranged from 23 to 81 years,with a mean age of 54 years.The mean tumor diameter was 55 mm (range,15-170 mm).The tumor size detected by CT and MRI was consistent with that detected by B-ultrasound,98 were stage Ⅰ,13stage Ⅱ,12 stage Ⅲ,and 2 stage Ⅳ. Results All 136 cases underwent radical nephrectomy with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.All operations were successful without any major complication.The operative time was 90 to 180 min,with an average of 120 min,and blood loss was 20-400 ml,with an average of 50 ml.The pathological diagnoses were as follows: renal cell carcinoma 123 cases (90%), papillary renal cell carcinoma six cases(4%),chromophobic two cases(1.4%),oncocytoma two cases(1.4%),collecting duct two(1.4%),and others three cases(2.2%).Eight cases reported positive lymph nodes.Of the 136 cases,92 cases were T1 N0 M0,11 were T2 N0 M0,10 were T3 N0 M0,eight were T3 N1 M0 and two were T1 N0 M1.Ninety-five cases (70%) were followed-up at six to 40 months (mean,20 months).The one year and three year survival rates were 96% (91/95) and 86% (82/95),respectively.Conclusions Radical nephrectomy with systematic lymph dissection has advantages of accurate staging,effective resecting of renal tumors and preventing recurrence.Radical nephrectomy is an effective method for the treatment of renal carcinoma.     

肾嫌色细胞癌临床特征分析

目的 探讨肾嫌色细胞癌的临床特点并分析其预后.方法 对1998年1月至2008年1月期间收治的29例肾嫌色细胞癌患者的临床资料包括临床表现、影像学检查、治疗方法、Ptnm分期和生存期随访等,进行回顾性分析.结果 所有29例患者均缺乏典型的临床症状,术前影像学检查亦未发现特异性表现.23例患者行根治性肾切除术,6例行保留肾单位手术(NSS),病理分期:Pt1n0m0 11例,Pt2n0m0 8例,pT3aN0M0 5例,Pt1nm0 3例,Pt2n1m0 2例.26例患者获得随访,随访24～144个月,平均90个月;3例死于心脑血管疾病,6例局部复发后4例再次手术,1例远处转移,21例无瘤生存.与同期肾透明细胞癌患者相比,累积5年生存率两者分别为83.9%和63.8%,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),累积10年生存率分别为77.9%和49.9%,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 肾嫌色细胞癌是一种少见的具有特殊形态的肾细胞癌病理亚型,主要通过病理学予以鉴别诊断,手术切除是治疗初发或复发的肾嫌色细胞癌的首选方法,其预后较好.

Abstract：

Objectives To explore the clinical, pathological features and prognosis of patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Methods From January 1998 to January 2008, clinical data of 29 patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma including clinical manifestations, imaging examinations,treatment models, pTNM stages and follow-up results, were summarized to investigate its features and prognosis. Results All cases had no obvious clinical and preoperative imaging presentation. There were 23 patients underwent radical nephrectomy, and 6 cases underwent nephron sparing surgery. Postoperative pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Macroscopically, the cut surface of the tumors were generally beige in color. Histologically, it showed polygonal chromophobe cells and small round eosinophilic cells with eccentric hyaline degeneration. These tumor cells had a clear and sharp membrane, lightly stained abundant cytoplasm with a fine reticular translucent pattern and irregular nuclei. And a perinuclear halo was often seen in these cells. Histochemically, the tumor cells generally show a diffuse and strong reaction for CK-8 with a negative expression of Vimentin. The pTNM stages of the tumor were as follows, pT1N0M0 in 11 cases, pT2N0M0 in 8 cases, pT3aN0M0 in 5 cases, pT1N1M0 in 3 cases,pT2N1M0 in 2 cases. Twenty-six cases of patients were followed up (24 to 144 months, with an average of 90 months), 3 cases died of cardio-cerebrovascular disease, and local recurrence involved in 6 cases with reoperation in 4 cases, as well as distant metastasis in 1 case. Twenty-one cases survived with tumor-free.The statistical results indicated that the survival rates of the patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in five years and ten years were 83.9%, 77.9%, respectively, compared with renal cell carcinoma of the same stage 63. 8% and 49. 9% at the same periods, and there is no difference in the survival rate of five years( P ＞ 0. 05 ) but significant difference in that of ten years ( P ＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusions Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is a morphologically uncommon subtype of renal cell carcinoma with the good prognosis. Definite diagnosis depends on its typical pathological feature. Radical nephrectomy is the first choice for the treatment of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.     

肾嫌色细胞癌的超声造影表现

Objective To discuss the imaging characteristics of chromophobic cell renal carcinoma (CCRC) and study the features on the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Methods The CEUS features of CCRC in 28 cases identified by pathology were reviewed. The blood supply and enhancement characteristic were observed and analyzed on time intensity curve parameters. Results The 28 cases of CCRC showed poor blood supply in contrast with the renal cortex. The CCRC presented with heterogeneity enhancement, part of the tumor took on a high wash-in and wash-out, and enhanced less intense than the surrounding renal cortex. The actinomorphous strong echo of the tumors might be revealed with CEUS in 15 cases (54%). The time intensity curve analysis demonstrated that the CCRCs' difference of peak intensity and area under the curve were lower than the renal cortex (P＜0.05), but arrival time, time-to-peak and slope of ascending curve were higher than the renal medulla (P＜0.05). Conclusion The actinomorphous enhancement and poor blood supply in the tumor of CEUS could provide diagnostic evidence for CRCC.     

肾嫌色细胞癌的超声造影表现

Objective To discuss the imaging characteristics of chromophobic cell renal carcinoma (CCRC) and study the features on the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Methods The CEUS features of CCRC in 28 cases identified by pathology were reviewed. The blood supply and enhancement characteristic were observed and analyzed on time intensity curve parameters. Results The 28 cases of CCRC showed poor blood supply in contrast with the renal cortex. The CCRC presented with heterogeneity enhancement, part of the tumor took on a high wash-in and wash-out, and enhanced less intense than the surrounding renal cortex. The actinomorphous strong echo of the tumors might be revealed with CEUS in 15 cases (54%). The time intensity curve analysis demonstrated that the CCRCs' difference of peak intensity and area under the curve were lower than the renal cortex (P＜0.05), but arrival time, time-to-peak and slope of ascending curve were higher than the renal medulla (P＜0.05). Conclusion The actinomorphous enhancement and poor blood supply in the tumor of CEUS could provide diagnostic evidence for CRCC.     

肾细胞癌组织中DLK1蛋白表达及与临床病理学特征的相关性研究

目的 探讨不同组织类型的肾细胞癌组织中DLK1蛋白表达与肾癌临床病理特征及转移的关系.方法 采用免疫组织化学方法,检测94例肾原发透明细胞癌、76例乳头状肾细胞癌、45例嫌色细胞癌、71例透明细胞癌远处转移灶、24例透明细胞癌淋巴结转移灶及18例正常肾组织标本中DLK1蛋白表达情况,分析其与临床病理特征及转移的相关性.结果 正常肾组织近端及远端肾小管中DLK1蛋白表达均为阳性,透明细胞癌、乳头状肾细胞癌及嫌色细胞癌组织低表达率分别为33.0%(31/94)、27.6%(21/76)及33.3%(15/45),与正常肾组织相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),3种类型肾癌组织之间DLK1蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).DLK1蛋白表达水平与透明细胞癌患者性别(男60例,女34例)、年龄(≥55岁50例,＜55岁44例)、病理分期(Ⅰ期41例,Ⅱ期9例,Ⅲ期21例,Ⅳ期23例)及淋巴结转移状态(无转移76例,有转移18例)等无明显相关性(P＞0.05).透明细胞癌原发灶、淋巴结转移灶、远处转移灶肿瘤组织中DLK1蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 不同类型的肾细胞癌组织中DLK1蛋白表达降低.DLK1蛋白低表达与透明细胞癌的临床病理特征及肿瘤转移无关.

Abstract：

Objective To identify the expression of DLK1 protein in different types of renal cell carcinomas and its correlations with pathological characteristics and metastasis. Methods Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of DLK1 protein in 94 cases of primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma, 76 cases of papillary renal cell carcinoma, 45 cases of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, 71 cases of distal metastatic and 24 cases of lymph node metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma, as well as 18 cases of normal renal tissue. The correlations of DLK1 protein expression with pathological characteristics were analyzed. Results DLK1 protein was expressed in proximal and distal renal tubular epithelial cells in all the normal renal cases. In contrast, DLK1 protein expression was lower in different types of renal cell carcinoma. The low or negative expression of DLK1 protein in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, papillary renal cell carcinoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma was 33.0% (31/94), 27.6% (21/76) and 33.3% (15/45), respectively. Compared to normal renal tissue, DLK1 protein expression was significantly down-regulated in renal cell carcinomas (P＞0.05), whereas there was no significant difference on DLK1 protein expressions among the different types (P＞0.05) of renal cell carcinomas. DLK1 protein expression was not correlated with sex (60 male and 34 female cases), age (≥55, 50 cases and 55, 44 cases), grade (41 cases in grade I, 9 cases in grade II, 21 cases in grade III and 23 cases in grade Ⅳ respectively) and lymph node metastasis (76 cases with and 18 cases without lymph node metastasis) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (P＞0.05). There was also no significant difference among primary, lymph node and distal metastatic lesions of clear cell carcinoma (P＞0.05). Conclusions DLK1 protein expression is commonly down-regulated in different types of renal cell carcinomas. Down-regulation of DLK1 protein expression is not associated with pathological characteristics and metastasis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.     

后腹腔镜下冷冻消融治疗小肾肿瘤的初步报告

Objective To present the technique and short-term results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation for small renal tumors. Methods Ten selected patients cases with 11 renal tumors were included in present study. There were 3 cases of left renal tumor, 6 cases of right renal tumor and 1 case of bilateral renal tumors. Tumors were located at the upper pole (2), middle (6), or lower pole (3). All tumors were located distant from the collecting system, without evidence of metastatic disease. Mean tumor size was 2. 8 cm (range: 1.5-4.0). All the patients were managed with a double freeze-thaw cycle of retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation. The preoperative Hb was (137± 21)g/L, ESR was (27±12)mm/1 h, SCr was (92±41)μmol/L, GFR was (42±10)ml/min.All the patients were taken routine biopsies. Results Cryoablation was technically successful in all 10 patients (11 tumors). The mean time of the operations was (101 ± 31) min, and the mean blood loss was (42±21) ml. None of the cases received blood transfusion post-operation. No operative complication was seen. The postoperative hospital stay was (4±2) d. The postoperative Hb was (129 ±18)g/L,ESR was (31±14)mm/1 h,SCr was (95±39)μmol/L,GFR was (40±11)ml/min. There was no statistic change of Hb, ESR, SCr and ECT-GFR after operations(P＞0. 05). The biopsy results revealed that 8 tumors were renal clear cell carcinomas, and 2 tumors were papillary renal cell carcinomas, and 1 tumor was renal angiomyolipoma. All the patients had a minimum follow-up of 6 months (mean 16, range 6 to 21). Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging at 1, 3, and 6 months identified the punched-out, nonenhancing, spontaneously resorbing, renal cryolesions. Follow-up biopsie of the cryoablated tumor site was negative in the only patient who have undergone the biopsy. No evidence of local or port-site recurrence was found, and no metastatic disease. Conclusions Retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation for small renal tumors could be an accurate and effective intervention with a relatively low incidence of complications. Critical long-term data regarding laparoscopic renal cryoablation are awaited.     

肾嫌色细胞癌的超声造影表现

目的 分析肾嫌色细胞癌的超声造影特征,提高对该肿瘤的识别.方法 分析经手术病理证实的28例嫌色细胞癌超声造影资料,分析血供情况及造影特征,并进行时间-强度曲线参数分析.结果 28例嫌色细胞癌与肾皮质作参照均呈乏血供造影表现,且肿块呈不均匀增强,肿块局部呈"快进快出"造影表现,强化程度低于周围肾皮质,其中15例(54%)病灶内可出现辐射样分布的强回声带.时间-强度曲线显示嫌色细胞癌组曲线达峰绝对值、曲线下面积低于肾皮质(P＜0.05),造影剂到达时间、达峰时间、曲线上升支斜率高于肾髓质组(P＜0.05).结论 超声造影检查中,肾嫌色细胞癌瘤体内辐射状增强和瘤体呈乏血供型增强为诊断提供了依据.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the imaging characteristics of chromophobic cell renal carcinoma (CCRC) and study the features on the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Methods The CEUS features of CCRC in 28 cases identified by pathology were reviewed. The blood supply and enhancement characteristic were observed and analyzed on time intensity curve parameters. Results The 28 cases of CCRC showed poor blood supply in contrast with the renal cortex. The CCRC presented with heterogeneity enhancement, part of the tumor took on a high wash-in and wash-out, and enhanced less intense than the surrounding renal cortex. The actinomorphous strong echo of the tumors might be revealed with CEUS in 15 cases (54%). The time intensity curve analysis demonstrated that the CCRCs' difference of peak intensity and area under the curve were lower than the renal cortex (P＜0.05), but arrival time, time-to-peak and slope of ascending curve were higher than the renal medulla (P＜0.05). Conclusion The actinomorphous enhancement and poor blood supply in the tumor of CEUS could provide diagnostic evidence for CRCC.     

肾细胞癌保留肾单位手术的长期随访

目的 探讨保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌的长期疗效及安全性. 方法 回顾性分析243例保留肾单位手术的肾癌患者临床资料.男159例,女84例,平均年龄58(24～77)岁.肿瘤直径平均3.4(1.1～6.7)cm.孤立肾肾癌3例,双侧肾癌11例.TNM分期T_(1a) 237例,T_(1b) 6例;无区域淋巴结及远处转移,无肾静脉、腔静脉癌栓.术后随访行超声、CT、肾功能等检查.应用KaplanMeier方法行肿瘤特异性生存率估计并进行对数秩检验. 结果 243例中232例获随访,平均随访31(1～147)个月.术后应用干扰素继续治疗52例.死亡4例(因癌死亡1例,非癌死亡3例),总体生存率和肿瘤特异性生存率分别为98.3%和100.0%;肿瘤复发5例,远处转移1例.总并发症发生率为5.6%(13/232). 结论 保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌局部复发率低,远期生存率高,并发症发生率低;可以最大限度地保留功能性肾单位,降低并发慢性肾衰竭的危险性,提高患者生活质量,增加患者满意度.     

Where are the limits of elective nephron- sparing surgery in renal cell carcinoma?

OBJECTIVES: The indication for elective nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still controversial. The presented study was performed to determine limitations for NSS regarding to multifocality and to characterize the biological importance of these small tumor lesions. METHODS: In 372 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for RCC consecutively, nephrectomy specimens were investigated by using 3-mm parenchyma sections regarding to local tumor spread and multifocality. To characterize multifocal tumors, we performed cytogenetic and molecular genetic investigations. RESULTS: Serial sections of 372 nephrectomy specimens revealed a total of 92 multifocal tumors in 61 specimens (16.4%). The correlation between tumor size and multifocality is shown as follows: tumor diameter 1-20 mm: 12.5%; 21-30 mm: 23.4%; 31-40 mm: 10.2%; >40 mm: 16.7%. The mean diameter of the multifocal tumors was 8.8x9.1x6.1 mm and the mean distance to the primary tumor was 26.4 mm (5-84 mm). Using cytogenetic and molecular genetic analysis, in nearly one third of all cases a concordance of chromosomal aberrations in primary and secondary tumors was found. CONCLUSIONS:Multifocality of renal cell carcinoma occurs independently from primary tumor size. The evidence of structural and/or numeric aberrations, found in additional tumor foci, obviously is an argument for their malignant potential. This findings have to be considered in preparation of nephron-sparing surgery for patients with renal cell carcinoma.     

Are small renal tumors harmless? Analysis of histopathological features according to tumors 4 cm or less in diameter

PURPOSE: Small renal tumors detected incidentally are considered to have less aggressive potential. This assumption is mainly based on the low tendency to increase in size on serial imaging studies, but histopathological parameters of progression in larger patient series are scant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed data of 287 tumor bearing kidneys in which solid tumors 4 cm or less in diameter were detected by cross-sectional imaging and subsequently removed surgically. Tumor size as documented by preoperative computerized tomography was correlated to histological diagnosis, and in cases of malignancy correlated to tumor type, pathological TNM stage and nuclear (Fuhrman) grade. With multifocal lesions the largest single tumor was considered the reference lesion but multifocality was also considered a separate parameter. RESULTS: At a mean tumor diameter of 2.94 +/- 0.87 cm 65 (22.6%) tumors were 2 cm or less, 103 (35.9%) were 2.1 to 3.0 cm and 119 (41.5%) were 3.1 to 4 cm in diameter. A total of 56 (19.5%) tumors were benign with no correlation to tumor size (Pearson test p = 0.660). Renal cell cancer was found in 227 (79.1%) patients with 159 (70.0%) clear cell, 47 (20.7%) papillary, 11 (4.8%) chromophobe and 10 others with no correlation to tumor diameter. Of the kidneys 31 (13.6%) had multifocal renal cell carcinoma, with a significant correlation to larger tumor diameter (linear regression p = 0.048) and papillary renal cell carcinoma subtype (linear regression p = 0.018). Two (4.2%), 4 (5%) and 25 (25.5%) cases of renal cell carcinoma 2 cm or less, 2.1 to 3 cm and 3.1 to 4 cm in diameter had Fuhrman grade G3/4, respectively (Pearson p = 0.0007). Advanced stage (pT3a or greater) was documented in 2 (4.2%), 12 (14.9%) and 35 (35.7%) cases for the same categories, respectively (p = 0.0023). Whereas distant metastases were diagnosed in only 4 patients with renal cell carcinoma with tumors 3 cm or less, distant metastases were in 10 (8.4%) patients with tumors 3.1 to 4 cm (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: The aggressive potential of small renal cell carcinoma increases dramatically beyond a tumor diameter of 3 cm. Given the difficulty in measuring tumor diameters reliably with sequential imaging studies, the threshold for selecting patients for a surveillance strategy should be set well under this parameter.     

局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术20例分析

目的探讨保留肾单位手术（nephrom-sparing surgery,NSS）治疗局限性肾癌的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析20例行NSS肾癌患者的临床资料,其中双侧肾癌1例,孤立肾肾癌1例,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能损害的肾癌3例,对侧肾正常的肾癌15例。肿瘤直径平均3.9（1.3-7.4）cm。行肿瘤剜除术13例,肾部分切除术4例,肾楔形切除术3例。结果 20例患者手术均成功。术后平均随访29（15-37）个月,1例双侧肾癌患者术后14月出现远处转移死亡,1例术后12个月因局部复发改行根治性肾切除术,2例术后出现暂时性肾功能不全。结论 NSS治疗肾癌安全有效,尤其适用于局限性肾癌患者。     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾脏小肿瘤三年随访结果分析

目的 探讨保留肾单位的肾部分切除手术治疗肾脏小肿瘤的安全性和有效性.方法 肾脏小肿瘤患者43例.男27例,女16例.年龄21～79(46.0±13.0)岁.肿瘤直径1.2～4.0(3.1±0.8)cm.行开放保留肾单位手术18例,后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术25例.评估围手术期及手术前后肾功能、术后并发症及复发情况.结果 43例手术顺利.2组发生术中大出血各1例.开放组和后腹腔镜组平均手术时间分别为69～277(158.0±77.4)和60～226(150.0±69.1)min;热缺血时间分别为20～31(23.2±3.9)和23～35(25.8±4.1)min;术中失血量120～3000(590.8±725.0)和50～1600(468.5±614.0)ml;术前SCr分别为(65.9±22.8)和(68.4±25.0)μmol/L,随访期末分别为(82.2±24.1)和(85.3±25.9)μmol/L;2组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).住院日分别为11～47(19.2±8.0)和10～16(12.5±3.8)d(P＜0.05);2组术后出现次要并发症14例(33%),其中肾周血肿分别为1例(6%)和3例(12%),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).病理报告肾细胞癌25例(T1a),良性肿瘤18例.43例随访25～60(37.4±7.2)个月,1例肾透明细胞癌患者术后20个月出现复发后行肾切除术,术后病理仍为透明细胞癌;1例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者术后6个月在远离原病灶处出现新生肿瘤,CT检查提示仍为血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,行动态观察.2组术后3年肿瘤无复发生存率分别为94%及96%,肾癌无复发生存率分别为100%及93%,2组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结果 后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗肾脏小肿瘤较同期开放保留肾单位手术平均住院日短,但肾周血肿发生率略高,其他并发症发生率无明显差异,2组均未见不可逆肾功能损害,2组肿瘤无复发生存率及肾细胞癌无复发生存率差异无统计学意义.     

How accurate is diagnostic imaging in determination of size and multifocality of renal cell carcinoma as a prerequisite for nephron-sparing surgery?

Background: The indication for elective nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is under discussion in the urological literature. The main problem of NSS is the multifocality of RCC. The presented study was preformed to assess the accuracy of pre-and intraoperative ultrasound (US), and computerized tomography (CT) in determination of tumor size and detection of multifocal lesions.Materials and methods: Tumor size was measured by preoperative US and CT and compared with the tumor diameters in gross sections of the neoplastic kidneys. Multifocality was determined by 3-mm step sectioning of the nephrectomy specimen, and the results were correlated with preoperative US and CT on the one hand, and the ex situ sonography of the nephrectomized kidney on the other hand.Results: US and CT show similar results in the determination of the tumor size. In only 22.9%, preoperative US and CT were able to detect multifocal tumors. Ex situ sonography had a sensitivity of 40.0% and a specificity of 87.2% in this regard.Conclusions: In preparation for nephron-sparing surgery of renal cell carcinoma, neither preoperative routine imaging, nor intraoperative ultrasound can safely predict multifocal lesions of renal cell carcinoma.CommentaryLocal tumor recurrence following nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may be due to incomplete resection of the primary tumor, occult multicentric disease or the development of a new primary or metastatic focus of RCC in the renal remnant. The risk of multicentric disease in RCC has been evaluated and debated extensively in the literature. RCC generally occurs as a discrete focal lesion rather than an infiltrative process which is seen in carcinoma of the prostate. At issue is whether the molecular events that give rise to malignant transformation affect a discrete segment of the kidney or a broader segment of the renal tubular epithelium. A high incidence of multicentric RCC has been reported in patients with germ line mutations such as those that exist in von Hippel Lindau disease and other forms of hereditary RCC suggesting a global predisposition to malignant degeneration throughout the entire renal parenchyma.The incidence of multicentricity in sporadic RCC has been less clear. Emerging cytogenetic and molecular data suggest that satellite lesions may occasionally arise from the same malignant clone as their corresponding primary lesion and may therefore represent biologically significant intra-renal metastasises. A recent review of published studies comprising over 1100 cases of sporadic RCC indicated an aggregate incidence of 15.2% of tumor multifocality (range 6.5%–28%)[1]. It is important to remember that these studies represent a diverse group of patients and that RCC is in fact a heterogenous group of tumors. The risk of multicentricity is not equal in all patients and appears to be related to other prognostic variables such as tumor histology, stage and grade. For example, papillary RCC is known to be associated with a higher incidence of multifocality than the more common clear cell variant. The risk of multifocal disease also increases with larger tumors, particularly those that extend beyond the renal capsule (pT3+). Finally, some microfocal tumors are of unknown biological significance such as the finding of satellite adenomas. Of importance when considering relative indications for elective NSS is the incidence of multifocality when the primary or index tumor is ⩽ 4 cm. A recent review of the literature indicated that the incidence of multifocality in this setting is approximately 5%.The most worrisome implication of multifocal RCC is that this will predispose to an increased risk of local tumor recurrence following NSS. Although this potential risk must be considered, the relationship between multifocality and local recurrence is neither linear or predictable as suggested by the low overall local recurrence rates reported following NSS in several large series. In nearly 1800 cases of NSS reported in the literature to date, the risk of local tumor recurrence has ranged from 0–10% and is clearly lowest among patients undergoing elective NSS for small (⩽ 4 cm) low stage lesions [1]. The true biologic significance of multicentric renal tumors and their implication for NSS therefore remain to be fully elucidated.[1] Uzzo RG, Novick AC. Nephron-sparing surgery for renal tumors: indications, techniques and outcomes. J Urol 2001;166:6–18.Andrew C. Novick, M.D.     

双侧肾癌的诊治与预后（附6例报告）

目的：探讨双侧肾癌（Bilateral renal cell carcinoma,BRCC）患者的诊治与预后。方法：1999年1月～2006年1月我院共诊治BRCC患者6例,平均发病年龄53（35～74）岁。其中双侧同时性肾癌3例,异时性肾癌3例。肿瘤位于肾上极6枚,中极7枚,下极1枚;左肾6枚,右肾8枚;肿瘤平均直径4．6（3～7）cm。3例同时性肾癌患者,2例行双侧同期手术,1例行分期手术。其中2例行一侧肾癌根治术,对侧保留肾单位手术（NSS）;1例一侧先行NSS,2周后再行对侧肾癌根治术。3例异时性肾癌患者均行分期手术治疗,均行一侧肾癌根治术,对侧NSS术。结果：6例随访12～156个月,平均84．5个月。肿瘤转移2例,分别死于肺转移和骨转移;肿瘤局部复发2例;无瘤生存2例。结论：NSS是目前较为理想的双侧肾癌治疗方法。治疗双侧肾癌的原则为尽可能切除肿瘤和最大限度保存。肾功能。     

Small renal tumors: correlation of clinical and pathological features with tumor size

PURPOSE: We analyzed the association between tumor diameter and pathological stage, histological subtype, tumor grade and the incidence of metastases in renal cell carcinoma with a diameter of up to 4 cm (clinical stage T1a). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed a consecutive series of 663 patients with renal tumors 4 cm or less who underwent surgery at our institution between 1990 and 2006. After excluding 115 patients (17.3%) with benign tumors 548 with renal cell carcinoma were included in the study. Tumor size on preoperative imaging was correlated with pathological stage, tumor grade, histological subtype and incidence of metastases at diagnosis. For data analysis tumors were stratified by tumor diameter into 3 groups, including 2 cm--99 patients with tumors up to 2 cm, 3 cm--234 with tumors between 2.1 and 3.0 cm, and 4 cm--215 with tumors between 3.1 and 4.0 cm in diameter. RESULTS: Median clinical diameter of renal cell carcinoma in the whole series was 2.93 cm (range 0.8 to 4.0). Tumor stage was pT1a, pT1b and pT3 in 84.5%, 8.0% and 7.5% of cases, respectively. Tumor grade was 1 to 3 in 24.5%, 65.0% and 10.6% of cases, respectively. The renal cell carcinoma histological subtype was clear cell carcinoma in 77.9% of patients, papillary carcinoma in 15.3% and chromophobe carcinoma in 6.8%. Advanced tumor stage (pT3) was found in 3.0%, 5.1% and 12.1% of the patients in the 2, 3 and 4 cm groups, respectively (p <0.05). Grade 3 was found in 7.1%, 9.0% and 14.0% of the patients in the 2, 3 and 4 cm groups, respectively (p <0.05). Metastases at diagnosis were found in 3.0%, 2.6% and 6.0% of the patients in the 2, 3 and 4 cm groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Negative prognostic features increase with tumor diameter and they are associated with even small tumors. However, above a tumor size of 3.0 cm there is a sharp increase in the incidence of negative prognostic parameters. New diagnostic tests are warranted to better stratify patients with respect to treatment aggressiveness for small incidental renal tumors.     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤治疗方式的选择及疗效(附94例报告)

目的探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(renal angiomyolipoma,RAML)干预治疗方式的选择及其疗效。方法回顾性分析近5年收治的94例RAML患者的临床资料,其中男25例,女69例,平均年龄42岁,肿瘤平均直径为6.6cm。单发RAML73例,多发RAML21例。结果 RAML破裂出血并行急诊手术4例,其中2例行患肾全切术,2例行选择性动脉栓塞术控制出血后择期行保留肾单位手术(nephron-sparing surgery,NSS);择期手术90例,其中NSS71例,患肾全切术13例,选择性动脉栓塞术2例,射频消融术4例。开放及后腹腔镜下NSS对于直径在7cm以下的RAML在手术时间、出血量及并发症发生率方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而术后住院天数两者的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访3～48个月,未见肿瘤复发或转移。结论 NSS是RAML的治疗首选,其中腹腔镜NSS对于体积较小的肿瘤具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优势。选择性动脉栓塞对于控制RAML急性破裂出血有独特优势,也用于多发肿瘤及RAML复发等情况。射频消融对于直径较小的RAML微创而有效。     

Nephron-sparing surgery and percutaneous biopsies in renal-cell carcinoma: a global impression among endourologists

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: On the one hand, nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in small renal tumors is a safe and effective alternative to radical nephrectomy. On the other hand, the role of preoperative percutaneous needle biopsies (PNB) remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the global current use of NSS in the treatment of renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) and the use of PNB among endourologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One thousand questionnaires were distributed during the 23rd World Congress of Endourology and SWL. Six questions regarding NSS and two questions regarding PNB were presented. Two hundred twenty-two questionnaires were returned. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 86.6% perform NSS for small renal tumors, whereas 13.4% perform only radical nephrectomies; 7.5% will consider NSS only in patients with a solitary kidney, and 0.5% will never consider NSS. The techniques for NSS, in descending order of preference, are partial nephrectomy, enucleation, cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, and high-intensity focused ultrasound. The mean and maximum diameter of the tumor in patients with a normal contralateral kidney for which the urologists perform NSS is 4.0 cm. For a centrally located tumor, NSS is an option for 27.2% of the respondents. Regarding PNB in patients with suspicion of RCC, 55.9% of respondents never obtain renal biopsies in the preoperative assessment and 41.8% obtain them only in rare cases. The majority (90%) prefer histologic over cytologic biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Nephron-sparing surgery is evolving to a global worldwide standard treatment for small renal tumors. Percutaneous needle biopsy remains a highly debated procedure.