河南省部分地区农业机械伤害调查及危险因素分析

农业伤害逐渐受到伤害流行病学家的关注,最主要的致死性伤害多由农业机械造成[1],非致死性农业伤害中,18%～35%由农业机械造成[2,3].近年来,农民购买农业机械热情高涨,机械普及率大幅上升,由此造成的农业机械伤害增加.为了解河南省农业机械伤害发生状况,于2009年7-12月开展了该项调查.     

河南省部分地区农业机械伤害调查及危险因素分析

农业伤害逐渐受到伤害流行病学家的关注,最主要的致死性伤害多由农业机械造成[1],非致死性农业伤害中,18%～35%由农业机械造成[2,3].近年来,农民购买农业机械热情高涨,机械普及率大幅上升,由此造成的农业机械伤害增加.为了解河南省农业机械伤害发生状况,于2009年7-12月开展了该项调查.     

饮酒与农业伤害流行病学的研究进展

致死性和非致死性伤害是全球重要的公共卫生问题,而农业是引起伤害的最危险行业之一,所以农民是伤害的高风险人群[1].此外,农业不同于其他行业,从业者家庭的其他成员,包括儿童和青少年,也一同参与农业劳动,并且其居住环境与劳动环境相同.因此,其家庭成员发生致死性和非致死性伤害的风险同样较高[2].笔者通过介绍农业伤害的流行状况、饮酒的相关危害及饮酒与农业伤害关系的研究进展,为进一步开展农业伤害主要危险因素的研究提供方向.     

部分省份农业伤害现况及其影响因素

[目的]了解农业伤害的发生率、流行特征及其影响因素,为制订农业伤害干预措施提供科学依据。[方法]2010年2月至2010年8月,采用整群与分层相结合的抽样方法,从全国随机抽取6个省份,再从每个省份中抽取1个村,共调查1623名从事农业劳动的农民,由经过培训的调查员进行问卷调查。[结果]2009年6个省份农业伤害的总发生率为43.9%（95%CI为41.5%~46.3%）,居前5位的分别是刀或锐器伤、扭伤、跌倒或坠落、农业机械伤、烧烫伤。单因素及多因素logistic回归分析结果显示：文化程度、身体状况、心情状态、是否使用防护用品为本次调查农业伤害发生的影响因素。[结论]目前我国农业伤害已经成为危害农村居民健康的重要因素和突出的公共卫生问题,有必要针对农业伤害的危险因素,采取科学的干预措施予以控制。     

江苏省中学生伤害的流行病学研究

伤害严重威胁人类的健康与生命,是重要的公共卫生问题.WHO报告称伤害是世界大多数国家儿童青少年致伤、致死、致残最主要的原因[1].在我国,近年来儿童青少年的伤害呈上升趋势[2],成为我国5～19岁儿童青少年主要的致死原因.     

初中学生伤害调查中回顾性自我报告偏倚

[目的]了解初中学生伤害调查中回顾性自我报告偏倚的程度. [方法]受伤学生在伤害发生的3 d内第1次填写伤害调查表,6个月后第2次填写,对两次填写的问卷进行比较. [结果]是否受伤害、本次伤害是有意造成的还是无意造成的、伤害种类、伤害地点和伤害部位共五个问题回答一致率分别为82.3%、78.1%、55.8%、80.1%和77.8%. [结论]采用回顾性自我报告方式调查初中学生伤害情况存在回忆偏倚,需要对结果进行矫正或缩短回忆的时间跨度.     

江苏省部分地区中学生伤害特点分析

伤害是大多数国家儿童青少年致伤、致死、致残最主要的原因[1].在我国,近年来儿童青少年的伤害呈上升趋势[2],成为5～19岁人群主要的致死原因.该文通过对江苏省苏州、徐州、南通、泰州17所学校初中和高中年级学生的伤害情况分析,为预防与控制伤害提供依据.     

常山县2004～2005年医院急诊伤害监测结果分析

[目的]了解常山县医院急诊伤害发生状况,为今后开展相关干预提供依据. [方法]随机抽取1个县级医院、1个中心乡卫生院和1个普通乡卫生院建立医院急诊伤害监测系统,以2004～2005年首次在监测现场医院就诊的各类伤害病例作为监测对象. [结果]2年间3家监测医院共收集合格伤害报告卡15 218例,男10 525例,占69.16%,女4 693例,占30.84%;伤害发生原因居于前3位的是跌伤、交通伤、钝器伤,依次为4 781例、3 079例和2 674例,分别占31.4%、20.2%和17.6%. [结论]医院急诊伤害监测是获得非致死性伤害信息的重要来源,对确定伤害干预重点,有针对性的运用预防干预措施,减少伤害的发生有积极作用.     

余杭区2OO7-2009年居民意外伤害死亡分析

目的:分析意外伤害造成的死亡,提出意外伤害的预防和控制.方法:通过余杭区2007-2009年居民意外伤害死亡分析,发现区域内居民意外伤害致死的主要原因,提出预防措施.结果:2007-2009年共发生居民意外伤害死亡1 064人,3年平均死亡率42.65/10万,造成意外伤害死亡的死因前5位依次为机动车交通事故、机动车以外的运输事故、溺水、自杀、意外跌落,＞60岁老人自杀死亡53人,占自杀死亡人数的45.2%,应当引起高度重视.结论:意外伤害造成的死亡居全死因顺位的第四、五位,平均减寿年数列第二位,伤害已经成为严重威胁健康和生命的公共卫生问题.通过全民健康促进行动,对居民进行健康素养和心理健康教育,干预和影响居民的行为,2009年因伤害致死呈下降趋势,表明意外伤害是可以被认识、预防和控制的.     

运用医疗失效模式与效应分析提高高危药的应用安全

1995年～1996年间,美国的医疗安全协会(the Institute for safe medication practices,ISMP)对最可能给患者带来伤害的药物进行了一项调查,共有161个医疗机构提交了研究期间发生的严重差错.结果表明,大多数致死或严重伤害的药品差错是由少数特定药物引起的[1].ISMP将这些若使用不当会对患者造成严重伤害或死亡的药物称为"高危药物"(high-alert medication),其特点是出现的差错可能不常见,而一旦发生则后果非常严重.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.