皮质和头皮脑电监测研究前循环载瘤动脉临时阻断的安全时限

目的在皮质脑电和头皮脑电监测下,研究前循环动脉瘤术中载瘤动脉临时阻断的安全时限。方法在常温、常压下对行开颅手术的52例（58个）前循环动脉瘤病人行术中头皮脑电和皮质脑电双相监测,对术中有无临时阻断、阻断时间、术中脑电变化及术后有无阻断动脉相关缺血事件等进行综合分析。结果18例（19支血管）临时阻断后皮质脑电出现明显变化。皮质脑电重度变化在各主要血管阻断后均有出现。皮质脑电提示严重皮质缺血时,在10min内恢复脑血流者术后均未出现阻断载瘤动脉相关的缺血性并发症。结论在皮质脑电出现重度变化时,10min是最长的阻断安全时限。就个体而言,各主要血管对于临时阻断的耐受时限无区别。     

载瘤动脉临时阻断在颅内动脉瘤术中的应用

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤手术中载瘤动脉,临时阻断对手术风险的影响。方法 回顾分析112例颅内动脉瘤患者的手术过程及结果,均采用显微外科技术临时阻断栽瘤动脉,显露动脉瘤颈部,清除颅内血肿并对动脉瘤实行手术夹闭。结果 在112例123个动脉瘤中临时阻断载瘤动脉117个,阻断时间最短1.2min,最长15min,平均8．4min,112例患者中1例后交通动脉瘤因动脉硬化较严重夹闭动脉瘤时出现动脉瘤整体脱落,造成载瘤动脉局部缺损行动脉瘤旷治术,术后出行肢体偏瘫;4例出现小缺血病灶,但无明显的神经功能障碍;1例早期手术患者术后因合并严重血管痉挛致脑梗死死亡。结论 载瘤动脉临时阻断有效降低了动脉瘤内的压力,有利于显露动脉瘤颈,夹闭动脉瘤,短时间阻断栽瘤动脉是安全的。     

颅内动脉瘤显微夹闭术中临时阻断技术的应用技巧

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤显微夹闭术中载瘤动脉临时阻断技术所致瘤内相关血流动力学变化规律及其应用技巧。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年12月显微夹闭术治疗的55例(55个)颅内动脉瘤的临床资料,总结术中载瘤动脉临时阻断经验。术后24~48 h头颅CT检查临时阻断区有无新发梗死灶作为判断与临时阻断技术相关联的并发症。结果载瘤动脉临时阻断以近端阻断为主,共48例;近、远端同时阻断共7例。术中载瘤动脉阻断时间2~20 min,平均(6.1±2.3)min。持续阻断共43例,间接阻断12例,间接阻断次数2~3次,间隔3~5 min。术后7例出现新发梗死灶,其中后交通动脉动脉瘤3例,大脑中动脉动脉瘤2例,前交通动脉动脉瘤2例。结论颅内动脉瘤显微夹闭术中载瘤动脉临时阻断可造成动脉瘤内明显的血流动力学变化,术后早期继发性梗死灶与临时阻断技术密切相关。     

大脑中动脉动脉瘤夹闭术后脑梗死的预防与治疗

目的：探讨大脑中动脉动脉瘤夹闭术后脑梗死的发生原因、机制及其预防措施。方法回顾性分析27例经CT或MRI证实的大脑中动脉动脉瘤夹闭术后脑梗死患者的手术记录及术后的治疗,总结脑梗死的发生时间、发生年龄和发生部位。27例均经翼点入路,开放外侧裂池,充分显露载瘤动脉,解剖出动脉瘤颈部后进行夹闭。结果27例大脑中动脉动脉瘤夹闭术后脑梗死患者发生的年龄偏高,15例出现在术后24 h内,17例位于基底节。随访0．5～2年,恢复良好16例,中残8例,植物生存1例,死亡2例。结论大脑中动脉动脉瘤夹闭术后脑梗死与术中机械性牵拉,血管临时阻断时间过长,阻断部位不当,动脉瘤夹的位置不当及术后血管痉挛引发的迟发性脑缺血有关。熟悉大脑中动脉的解剖,术中准确确定动脉瘤的位置,良好的显微手术技巧,术后采取积极预防措施可以明显降低脑梗死的发生率。     

颅内动脉瘤术中临时阻断载瘤动脉的临床研究

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤手术中载瘤动脉临时阻断后继发脑缺血性脑功能损伤的相关因素。方法128例患者的130个动脉瘤临时阻断载瘤动脉，术后根据相应部位有无脑功能障碍，CT检查阻断血管供应区有无新鲜梗塞灶为标准判断是否造成缺血性脑损伤，并将性别、年龄、有无蛛网膜下腔出血、Hunt-Hess分级、动脉瘤的大小、部位、手术时机、阻断部位、时间、次数、方式、术中破裂、有无高血压、高血糖、载瘤动脉硬化斑块等14种因素进行单因素分析、探讨动脉阻断后可能导致缺血性损伤的原因。结果在130个动脉瘤中，共临时阻断166次，平均每个动脉瘤阻断1.28次，阻断时间为3～45min，平均每个动脉瘤阻断时间约为（9.8±7.8）min，有18例术后出现与载瘤动脉阻断有关新的脑缺血灶（14.06%），单因素分析显示年龄≥60岁、蛛网膜下腔出血、阻断时间≥20min和动脉硬化斑块对术后发生脑缺血具有较高危险性（均P〈0.05）。结论载瘤动脉临时阻断继发缺血性脑损伤与阻断部位、阻断时间、阻断方式、侧支循环的个体差异、病人术前状况等因素有关。阻断时间〈20min，临时载瘤动脉阻断是安全的。     

载瘤动脉临时阻断处理颅内动脉瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨载瘤动脉临时阻断处理动脉瘤继发缺血性脑功能损伤的相关因素。方法 63例颅内动脉瘤夹闭过程中行载瘤动脉临时阻断，术后根据相应部位有无脑功能障碍，CT检查阻断血管供应区有无新鲜梗塞灶为标准判断是否造成缺血性脑损伤，并按有无蛛网膜下腔出血、动脉瘤所在部位、Hunt和Hess分级等进行分组对照。结果 63例载瘤动脉临时阻断时间3-59min，术后共有12例出现缺血性脑损伤表现，其中术前有蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)者11例，Hunt和Hess分级Ⅲ～V者8例，基底动脉5例、大脑中动脉4例。阻断时间16min以内者均无缺血性脑损伤。结论 载瘤动脉临时阻断继发缺血性脑损伤与阻断部位、阻断时间、阻断方式、侧支循环的个体差异、病人术前状况等因素有关。     

小翼点入路手术夹闭大脑中动脉动脉瘤的疗效分析

目的 总结小翼点入路手术夹闭大脑中动脉动脉瘤的经验。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年5月小翼点入路手术夹闭治疗的40例大脑中动脉动脉瘤的临床资料。结果 所有动脉瘤及其载瘤动脉均获得良好暴露，术中无需延长皮肤切口。2例术后DSA证实瘤颈残余，后期行栓塞术，其余38例均成功夹闭动脉瘤。术后出现脑挫裂伤并血肿4例、脑梗死4例、硬膜下血肿1例、硬膜外血肿1例。40例术后平均随访16.1个月；预后良好（GOS评分4~5分）33例，预后不良（GOS评分1~3分）7例；复查CTA或DSA显示载瘤血管通畅，无动脉瘤原位复发及再出血。结论 把握好手术适应证，小翼点入路夹闭术治疗大脑中动脉动脉瘤损伤小，效果良好。     

颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤和床突间隙的解剖学特点及夹闭术技巧和预后。方法经翼点入路手术治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤患者共13例（13个动脉瘤）,包裹2例（2个动脉瘤）,术中采用颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断方法。结果手术后经DSA或CTA检查显示,13例患者动脉瘤夹闭满意,载瘤动脉和远端动脉血流通畅;2例视力障碍患者手术后视力改善。手术后仅1例出现对侧肢体轻度偏瘫,无一例发生手术相关严重并发症。随访3～10个月（平均5个月）,均恢复良好。结论经翼点入路辅助颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断是治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤安全有效的手术方法。术中荧光造影可即时发现动脉瘤是否残留及载瘤动脉有无狭窄,从而指导手术医师调整动脉瘤夹位置而达到夹闭满意。     

颈内动脉大型和巨大型动脉瘤的手术策略

目的探讨颈内动脉巨大动脉瘤的特点和手术策略。方法回顾性分析48例颈内动脉大型和巨大型动脉瘤的手术经验。手术均采用翼点人路，床突旁动脉瘤病例预先暴露颈部颈内动脉以备临时阻断。从硬脑膜内磨除前床突、视神经管上壁以及外侧嵴，以显露动脉瘤的近侧角。术中采用逆向抽吸法使动脉瘤塌陷，如动脉瘤内含机化血栓，则在临时阻断后切开瘤体，用CUSA和取瘤镊去除瘤内血栓，再将动脉瘤夹闭并达到视神经减压的目的。术中监测脑电图和体感诱发电位，并采用术中超声多普勒检查动脉血流。结果46例动脉瘤直接夹闭，2例海绵窦段动脉瘤行动脉瘤孤立并分别做颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉和大隐静脉移植颈外动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术。43例术后行DSA检查，绝大多数动脉瘤夹闭满意。按GOS评分术后良好为41例（85．4％），差为5例，死亡2例。结论充分显露、合理应用临时阻断技术、有效的动脉瘤减压，以及术中应用电生理监测和超声多普勒检查等辅助措施，能够取得动脉瘤的满意夹闭。     

显微夹闭术中颅内前循环动脉瘤破裂的预防与处理

目的探讨颅内前循环动脉瘤开颅夹闭术中动脉瘤破裂出血的处理和防范的策略、方法和技巧。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2010年1月56例前循环颅内动脉瘤患者开颅显微手术夹闭的临床资料,结合文献对13例术中发生动脉瘤破裂出血的处理经验和技巧,以及防范方法进行总结。结果 13例出现术中动脉瘤破裂,均得以妥善处理,本组患者术后GOS 5分39例;GOS 4分8例;GOS 3分6例;GOS 2分0例;GOS 1分3例。结论应从麻醉、开颅到手术操作的各个环节尽量防范术中动脉瘤破裂,合理、间断和短时应用载瘤动脉临时阻断技术,可有效处理和防范术中动脉瘤破裂的危急情况。     

多重术中监护在前交通动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声、吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影及神经电生理学等多重术中监测技术在前交通动脉动脉瘤显微外科手术中的应用价值.方法 回顾分析23例单发性前交通动脉动脉瘤夹闭术患者的临床资料、手术方式及术中监测过程,改良Rankin量表评分评价术后神经功能缺损程度.结果 23例患者动脉瘤均夹闭成功.其中,6例术中阻断A1段时运动诱发电位出现异常变化.恢复血流待缺血程度改善后继续手术;2例动脉瘤夹闭过程中经颅多普勒超声及吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影分别探及A2段及前交通动脉血流不畅,1例探及动脉瘤瘤颈残留,经调整动脉瘤夹位置后血流恢复或动脉瘤彻底夹闭,1例术后发生短暂性一侧肢体瘫痪,出院时遗留轻度神经功能障碍.改良Rankin量表评分为1分;其余患者术后均未发生脑出血或脑缺血性改变,出院时改良Rankin量表评分为0分.结论 术中多重监测技术可为前交通动脉动脉瘤夹闭术提供A1段临时阻断是否耐受缺血、动脉瘤是否残留,以及载瘤动脉和穿通支是否损伤,继而造成的脑缺血事件等重要信息.从而提高手术安全性.     

Regional variations in brain oxygenation during temporary clipping in aneurysm surgery

Abstract

Objectives: Brain tissue oxygen concentration (PbtO₂) monitoring has been used in aneurysm surgery to detect decreased brain oxygenation during temporary clipping. The effects of circulatory interruption according to different aneurysm locations have not been established. In this work, variations in PbtO₂ during temporary clipping were studied in anterior communicating (AcomA), posterior communicating (PcomA) origin, and middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm surgery.

Methods: PbtO₂ was monitored during surgery of 41 patients; aneurysms were located in the AcomA (10 cases), origin of PcomA (8 cases), and MCA bifurcation (23 cases). Temporary clips were used in all cases. Variations in PbtO₂ values obtained during application of temporary clips were evaluated and studied according to the duration and type of circulatory interruption for each aneurysm location.

Results: In AcomA aneurysm surgery, a significant decrease in PbtO₂ values was found in 31% of the periods of temporary clipping, whereas in PcomA and MCA aneurysm surgery, significant decreases were found in all temporary clip applications (100%). In MCA aneurysms, the amplitude of decrease in PbtO₂ was higher when the circulatory interruption lasted for 2 or more minutes, compared with shorter periods of temporary clipping.

Discussion: During temporary clipping, different variations in PbtO₂ values were obtained when comparing frontal and temporal regions of monitoring: in MCA and PcomA origin aneurysms, significant variations were registered in all periods of temporary regional circulatory interruption, but the same results were not found in frontal monitoring for AcomA aneurym surgery.     

破裂大脑中动脉瘤多学科会诊治疗方案疗效评价：单中心261例回顾性分析

目的 比较多学科会诊确定破裂大脑中动脉瘤患者行介入栓塞或手术夹闭动脉瘤的治疗效果。      

Facial corticobulbar motor-evoked potential monitoring during the clipping of large and giant aneurysms of the anterior circulation

Surgical outcomes for large and giant intracranial aneurysms are suboptimal. Two important reasons for higher complication rates are either occlusion of perforators or parent arteries during aneurysm clipping, or prolonged temporary occlusion of the main arteries. Somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring and transcranial motor-evoked potential (TcMEP) monitoring are standard techniques for monitoring ischemia either during temporary arterial occlusion or after permanent clipping. In our study, facial corticobulbar motor-evoked potential (FCoMEP) monitoring was included to determine whether this modality improved intraoperative monitoring. FCoMEP were recorded intraoperatively in 21 patients undergoing surgical clipping of large and giant aneurysms of the anterior circulation. Valid TcMEP parameters were obtained for all patients. A correlation tending to significance between a prolonged temporary clipping time and TcMEP decrement was observed. In addition to this, the inclusion of FCoMEP improved the sensitivity of extremity muscle motor-evoked potential (ExMEP, which included TcMEP) monitoring (from 80% to 100%). In the long-term assessment, a favorable outcome was achieved in 16 of the 21 patients (76%). In conclusion, FCoMEP provides complementary corticobulbar tract information for detecting perforating vessel compromise that may lead to motor impairment and that is not identified by ExMEP.     

Indications for the use of temporary arterial occlusion during aneurysm repair: an institutional experience

This study was undertaken to determine variables that could predict, in the preoperative period, the likelihood for the need for intraoperative temporary arterial occlusion using clips (temporary clipping) when surgically repairing intracranial aneurysms. Data collected prospectively between October 1989 and March 2010 of 1129 unruptured intracranial aneurysms in 934 patients who were managed surgically was examined retrospectively. Temporary clipping was used in 400 patients (35.4%). Regression analysis of putative predictive variables revealed that aneurysms of a larger size, irregular fundus shape or midline location were more likely to be treated with temporary clipping.Basilar caput aneurysms larger than 10 mm were always managed with temporary clipping. There was no combination of factors studied that consistently predicted that temporary clipping would not be needed. Therefore, the potential need for temporary clipping must be considered for every patient with an aneurysm.     

Saccular Aneurysm at the Anterior Communicating Artery Complex Associated with an Accessory Middle Cerebral Artery : Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

Accessory middle cerebral artery (MCA) is an infrequent vascular anomaly of the brain. Cerebral aneurysms associated with this anomalous artery are also very rare. To our knowledge, there have only been ten previous reports of an aneurysm associated with accessory MCA. The authors present two patients with accessory MCA-related aneurysms. A 38-year-old male and a 59-year-old female both presented with sudden-onset severe headache. In both patients, computed tomography (CT) scan revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage. A subsequent angiogram demonstrated an accessory MCA arising from the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and a saccular aneurysm at the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) complex associated with an accessory MCA. Surgical clipping allowed for complete exclusion of the aneurysm from the arterial circulation. Based on our review of the ten cases of aneurysms associated with accessory MCA documented in the literature, we suggest that accessory MCA-related aneurysms can be classified according to whether the accessory MCA originates from the proximal A1 segment or from the ACoA complex. We also emphasize the importance of precise interpretation of preoperative angiograms and intraoperative precaution in determining the presence of this anomalous artery prior to temporary clip placement.     

Perioperative complications of superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass for the treatment of complex middle cerebral artery aneurysms

Object

Only a few studies have reported the risk of ischemic complications occurring when superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis is performed during surgery for complex MCA aneurysms.

Subjects and methods

This is a retrospective study of 10 patients (age 52–73) with MCA aneurysms treated with revascularization surgery. The aneurysms were 10–50 mm in size (mean: 21 mm). We studied the causes and frequency of ischemic complications by analyzing postoperative magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Postoperative diffusion-imaging confirmed ischemic complications in six of the 10 patients (in two of the five ruptured aneurysms and in four of the five unruptured). The ischemic complications that observed were infarction of the lenticulostriate artery territory in three cases, cortical infarction in two cases, and cerebral infarction that was likely to be due to cerebral vasospasm in one case. In one case, both cortical infarction and infarction of the lenticulostriate artery territory were observed. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at the time of discharge indicated good recovery (GR) and moderate disability (MD) in seven cases, severe disability (SD) in two cases, and death (D) in one case.

Conclusions

The present study suggests the possibility that STA–MCA anastamosis in surgeries for MCA aneurysms can be performed with comparatively better safety. However, the temporary occlusion time with this surgery is longer than that with a temporary clipping for aneurysmal surgery; thus, we believe that adequate countermeasures are required to prevent ischemic complications.     

Cerebral vasospasm and delayed ischaemic deficit following elective aneurysm clipping

Although common after subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral vasospasm (CVS) and delayed ischaemic neurological deficit (DIND) rarely occur following elective clipping of unruptured aneurysms. The onset of this complication is variable and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. We report two patients with CVS associated with DIND following unruptured aneurysmal clipping. The literature is reviewed and the potential mechanisms in the context of patient presentations are discussed. A woman aged 53 and a man aged 70 were treated with elective clipping of unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms, the older patient also having an anterior communicating artery aneurysm clipped. The operations were uncomplicated with no intra-operative bleeding, no retraction, no contusion, no middle cerebral artery (MCA) temporary clipping, and no intra-operative rupture. Routine post-operative CT scan and CT angiogram showed that in both patients the aneurysms were excluded from the circulation and there was no perioperative subarachnoid blood. Both patients had no neurological deficit post-operatively, but on day 2 developed DIND and vasospasm of the MCA. Both patients had angiographic improvement with intra-arterial verapamil treatment. In one patient, this was done promptly and the patient made a complete recovery, but in the other, the diagnosis was delayed for more than 24 hours and the patient had residual hemiparesis and dysphasia due to MCA territory infarction. CVS and DIND following treatment of unruptured aneurysms is a very rare event. However, clinicians should be vigilant as prompt diagnosis and management is required to minimise the risk of cerebral infarction and poor outcome.     

Routine use of etomidate and temporary vessel occlusion during aneurysm surgery

Abstract

This study included 72 cases of surgically treated aneurysms, Hunt and Hess Grades 1-4, operated on within 72 hours of the ictus. All had anterior circulation aneurysms, and exposure was standard pterional approach. Once dissection had progressed to the point that the site of the aneurysm was identified, the patient was placed in burst suppression (6-8 bursts/minute), using etomidate 0.5 mg/Kg, with a constant infusion of 12 mg/min to maintain burst suppression. Sugita temporary clips were applied to the feeding vessel(s), the C1 or C4 portion of the carotid artery, theA1 segment(s) of the anterior cerebral or M1 segment of MCA. For ACOM aneurysms. Heubner was not included in the clip, and for MCA aneurysm an attempt was made to apply the clip distal to the lenticulostriates. Mean arterial pressure was elevated by 10% with neosynephrine. Once the temporary clips were applied, dissection of the neck and final clipping was accomplished, followed by removal of the temporary clips. Clip placement was inspected to assess for complete obliteration of the lesion. In 40% of cases, two or more permanent clips were required for aneurysmal obliteration. Occlusion time ranged from 3 to 63 minutes. Reperfusion at 5 minute intervals was not performed, based on the hypothesis that reperfusional injury potentiates an ischaemic insult. No vessel injury occurred as a result of temporary clip placement, as assessed by direct visual inspection at the time of surgery and angiographic picture one week following surgery. No new neurologic deficit was encountered postoperatively in any patient in the distribution of the occluded vessel. We believe that routine prophylactic temporary arterial occlusion with pharmacologic protection and EEG monitoring is safe and markedly reduces intraoperative rupture and enhances aneurysmal dissection. Methodological details and results, based on neurological grade, will be discussed.     

大脑中动脉动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨大脑中动脉（MCA）动脉瘤的临床特点及手术方法。方法回顾性分析108例MCA动脉瘤的临床特点、影像学特征及手术方法。9例未破裂动脉瘤MRI检查表现为中颅窝占位,99例破裂动脉瘤CT检查均示蛛网膜下腔出血。入院时患者Hunt—Hess分级：0级9例,I级3例,Ⅱ级21例,Ⅲ级58例,Ⅳ级15例,V级2例。脑血管造影提示MCA主干动脉瘤10例,分叉部92例,MCA远端6例,均经改良翼点入路进行手术。结果动脉瘤夹闭93例,动脉瘤切除7例,夹闭加包裹8例。2例术前Hunt—Hess分级V级病人,术后1例死亡,1例植物生存;术前Hunt—Hess分级Ⅳ级的15例病人中,11例长期昏迷。随访6～36个月,平均随访14-3个月,按照GOS评定预后,其中5分为40例,4分48例,3分7例,2分12例,1分1例。结论MCA动脉瘤的治疗首选动脉瘤夹闭术,术中保护MCA及保持周围相关血管的通畅是手术的关键。