进口与国产利鲁唑片剂的生物等效性

目的评价国产与进口利鲁唑片剂的生物等效性。方法20名健康志愿者单剂量随机交叉口服150 mg国产和进口利鲁唑片剂,血浆样品经C18小柱提取纯化,高效液相色谱-紫外检测器测定利鲁唑血药浓度。结果国产与进口利鲁唑片剂的药动学参数分别为:cmax(860.02±247.45)、(713.05±214.35)μg.L-1;tmax(0.9±0.4)、(1.1±0.5)h;AUC0→24(3 035.41±760.35)(、3 161.78±760.99)μg.h.L-1;AUC0→∞(3 172.83±804.46)(、3 396.09±742.35)μg.h.L-1;T1/2(5.82±1.16)(、7.51±2.30)h。国产利鲁唑片的相对生物利用度F0→24为(97.1±13.9)%。结论国产和进口利鲁唑片具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:评价国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊的生物等效性。方法:采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,用LC-MS/MS法对国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊在20名中国健康男性受试者中的血药浓度进行测定。药动学参数用ANOVA处理。结果:国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的AUC0-→t分别为:(543.61±415.55),(547.04±455.59)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(573.30±439.11),(591.77±513.15)μg·h·L-1;cmax为分别(39.13±14.45),(37.44±14.30)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.61±0.71),(1.85±0.79)h;T1／2分别为(9.69±4.81),(9.77±5.51)h。国产托烷司琼胶囊的相对生物利用度为(106.47±24.07)％(n=20)。2组参数cmax,AUC0→t经对数转换后,行方差分析和双单侧t检验,均未见统计学意义。结论:托烷司琼国产的制剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产去羟肌苷散剂与进口去羟肌苷片剂的人体生物等效性

目的:评价国产去羟肌苷散剂与进口去羟肌苷片剂的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性受试者,随机分为A和B两组,自身交叉口服单剂量国产去羟肌苷散剂250mg和进口去羟肌苷片剂200mg。血浆采用固相萃取处理,以HPLC测定去羟肌苷的经时血药浓度,计算2种制剂相对生物利用度参数,并评价其生物等效性。结果:国产去羟肌苷散剂和进口去羟肌苷片剂的主要药动学参数,tmax为(0.67±s0.04)h和(0.66±0.06)h,cmax为(0.84±0.26)mg·L-1和(0.9±0.3)mg·L-1,t1/2为(2.6±0.4)h和(2.5±0.3)h,AUC0~10为(1.7±0.8)mg·h·L-1和(1.7±0.7)mg·h·L-1,AUC0~∞为(1.8±0.9)mg·h·L-1和(1.9±0.9)mg·h·L-1。国产去羟肌苷散剂的相对人体生物利用度是(96±21)%(n=20,以AUC0~10计)。去羟肌苷散剂和片剂的主要药动学参数经交叉试验方差分析显示差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。2种制剂的AUC0~10,AUC0~∞,cmax经双单侧t检验示90%置信区间位于有效区间80%~125%范围内。结论:国产去羟肌苷散剂与进口去羟肌苷片剂具有生物等效性。     

帕罗西汀片在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性

目的评价2种国产盐酸帕罗西汀片剂的生物等效性。方法采用自身交叉试验方法。20名健康志愿者顿服40mg盐酸帕罗西汀片后,在规定时间内采血。以HPLC法测定血清药物浓度;以3P87药动学软件计算主要药动学参数,并评价2种国产帕罗西汀片之间的生物等效性。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数tmax分别为(5.3±2.0)、(5.5±2.0)h;cmax分别为(31.0±12.1)(、30.2±12.3)μg.L-1;AUC0→t分别为(727.9±306.6)、(719.8±316.7)μg.h.L-1;T1/2分别为(19.7±7.3)(、19.2±7.0)h。2制剂间参数比较,P>0.05,受试制剂相对于参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.80±16.99)%。结论2种帕罗西汀片剂为生物等效制剂。     

舒马普坦胶囊和片剂人体药物动力学及相对生物利用度研究

目的 研究国产舒马普坦胶囊、片剂在人体内的药物动力学及相对生物利用度。方法 采用随机、开放、3×3拉丁方设计,18名男性健康受试者分别单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂100 mg。采用HPLC-MS法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度,采用双单侧t检验进行生物等效性判断。结果 进口参比制剂中舒马普坦的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(41.68±18.38)μg·L-1;tmax为(2.08±0.65)h;AUC0→12为(152.14±61.63)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±0.8)h。国产舒马普坦胶囊的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(38.01±17.01)μg·L-1;tmax为(1.83±0.45)h;AUC0→12为(136.68±60.71)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±1.0)h。国产舒马普坦片剂的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(38.78±17.67)μg·L-1;tmax为(1.83±0.45)h;AUC0→12为(136.68±60.71)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±1.0)h。国产胶囊剂和国产片剂对进口片剂的相对生物利用度分别为91.0％±14.8％和92.0％±11.6％。结论 经统计学分析,国产舒马普坦片剂和胶囊剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性,制剂间药物动力学参数无显著差异。     

盐酸二甲双胍肠溶片的药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸二甲双胍肠溶片的药动学和相对生物利用度,验证国产与进口盐酸二甲双胍肠溶片的生物等效性。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定26名健康男性志愿者自身交叉单剂量口服国产与进口盐酸二甲双胍肠溶片1000mg后的经-时血药浓度,计算主要药动学参数以及国产制剂的相对生物利用度。结果:国产与进口盐酸二甲双胍肠溶片的药-时曲线符合一室模型,其主要药动学参数:Cmax分别为(84.9±16.4)、(84.5±13.8)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(0.67±0.07)、(0.77±0.08)h,t1/2ke分别为(1.90±0.17)、(1.79±0.19)h,AUC0～t分别为(161.9±16.8)、(157.2±19.7)μg.h.L-1,AUC0～∞分别为(179.7±18.2)、(173.4±19.2)μg.h.L-1。国产相对于进口盐酸二甲双胍肠溶片的生物利用度为(109.0±7.2)%。结论:国产与进口盐酸二甲双胍肠溶片生物等效。     

国产醋氯芬酸胶囊剂与片剂人体相对生物利用度研究

目的评价国产醋氯芬酸胶囊剂、片剂和进口醋氯芬酸片剂3种制剂的生物等效性.方法18名健康男性志愿者按3个周期拉丁方交叉口服单剂量(100mg) 醋氯芬酸制剂,用HPLC法测定血清中醋氯芬酸的浓度,并对试验数据进行统计处理及对3种制剂进行生物等效性评价.结果口服国产待测胶囊剂、片剂及进口醋氯芬酸片剂的Cmax分别为(9.85±3.21),(10.11±3.50)及(8.68±2.65)μg@mL-1;Tmax分别为(1.83±1.00),(2.31±1.25)及(2.42±1.29)h;AUC0～12h分别为(27.09±5.90),(28.16±6.47)及(26.00±4.87)μg@h@mL-1;AUC0～∞分别为(28.29±6.03 ),(29.39±6.66)及(27.11±5.15)μg@h@mL-1;国产醋氯芬酸胶囊、片剂的相对生物利用度为(104.83±15.54)%和(108.97±17.35)%.结论国产胶囊剂、片剂均与进口参比醋氯芬酸片剂具有生物等效性.     

国产盐酸舍曲林胶囊和片剂的人体药物动力学及生物等效性

目的研究国产盐酸舍曲林胶囊及片剂的相对生物利用度、药物动力学特征及生物等效性.方法采用随机、开放、3×3拉丁方设计实验,18名男性健康受试者分别单剂量口服含舍曲林50 mg的试验片剂、胶囊及参比制剂.采用HPLC-MS/MS/MS法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度,计算3者的药物动力学参数及评价其生物等效性.结果 18例健康志愿者口服参比制剂和试验制剂舍曲林胶囊及片剂后,参比制剂中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.14±3.43)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.44±1.10)h;AUC0～96为(262.82±100.66)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(29.19±4.91)h.试验制剂片剂中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.16±3.22)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.33±1.85)h;AUC0～96为(269.71±107.47)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(30.99±6.49)h.试验制剂胶囊中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.39±3.59)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.94±1.30)h;AUC0～96为(264.45±112.57)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(29.68±5.25)h.试验制剂片剂和胶囊分别对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F为(103.4%±18.2%)、(99.8%±13.6%).结论经统计学分析,国产试验制剂胶囊剂和片剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

2种佐米曲普坦制剂人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较国产佐米曲普坦胶囊与进口佐米曲普坦片剂的人体生物等效性。方法:18名志愿者随机交叉单次口服佐米曲普坦胶囊或片剂10mg后,采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,用3p97软件包计算二者的药动学参数和生物等效性。结果:胶囊与片剂的药-时曲线均为口服吸收一室摸型。t1/2ke分别为(3.72±1.77)、(3.81±1.44)h,tmax分别为(1.42±0.35)、(1.33±0.51)h,Cmax分别为(21.68±8.67)、(21.86±10.38)μg/L,AUC(0～T)分别为(75.94±31.34)、(78.40±28.21)(μg.h)/L。佐米曲普坦胶囊的相对生物利用度为(96.86±13.36)%,经方差分析、双单侧t检验及(1～2α)置信区间法统计分析,2种制剂药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:佐米曲普坦胶囊与片剂具有生物等效性。     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中辛伐他汀的浓度及相对生物利用度

目的建立人体血浆中辛伐他汀的LC-MS/MS测定方法,研究辛伐他汀片在男性健康志愿者体内的药代动力学行为,评价其生物利用度和生物等效性。方法20名健康成年男性志愿者采用随机分组自身交叉对照试验设计,单剂量口服辛伐他汀片40 mg后,用LC-MS/MS联用法测定血浆中药物浓度。结果试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(1.8±1.3)h和(2.10±1.00)h;cmax分别为(7.12±1.61)μg.L-1和(7.38±1.54)μg.L-1;AUC(0-24)分别为(30.50±11.25)μg.L-1.h-1和(30.17±10.21)μg.L-1.h-1;t1/2分别为(3.90±0.78)h和(3.76±0.85)h。以AUC(0-24)计算的试验制剂的相对生物利用度为101.2%±7.8%。结论建立的分析方法准确灵敏,测得的数据可靠,统计学分析表明两种制剂生物等效。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.