年轻乳腺癌患者生育力保存现状与临床应对策略

尽管抗癌治疗可以提高年轻乳腺癌患者长期生存率,但也可能导致生育力降低。随着我国乳腺癌发病年轻化,年轻乳腺癌患者的生育需求获得更多关注,适用于癌症患者的生育力保存技术不断发展。但目前我国年轻乳腺癌患者生育力保存的实施仍然存在很多问题:患者和乳腺外科医师对生育力保存技术认识不足,且态度保守;治疗过程中缺少生殖科专家的意见;对保存生育力患者的长期随访和信息管理不完善等。为改善上述现状,首先应提高医师对生育力保存的了解,包括相关技术的进展和适用人群、介入时机,以及癌症治疗结束后何时妊娠、如何妊娠等;其次要加强对患者进行生育力保存相关的宣教,特别是癌症治疗期间科学避孕方法和意外怀孕的处理;最后,医院和相关单位应完善和规范乳腺癌多学科团队诊疗,加强年轻乳腺癌患者的综合管理,从而为年轻乳腺癌患者提供更科学的肿瘤治疗方案和更多的生育机会。     

年轻乳腺癌患者生育愿望和生育力保存认知调查

目的了解年轻乳腺癌患者在乳腺癌综合治疗后的生育愿望及生育力保存认知的情况。方法收集2018年3～11月在四川省肿瘤医院乳腺外科确诊为乳腺癌的281例患者为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方法,对患者年龄、婚姻情况、文化程度、子女数量、是否有生育愿望、对生育力保存认知等资料进行描述。结果 281例患者中,40岁以下者占40.2%(113/281),最终纳入113份有效问卷。113例患者的平均年龄(33.8±4.5)岁,考虑生育者29例(25.7%),文化程度大专以上者占44.2%,已婚者占79.6%。不同年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、子女状况和家庭收入的患者对生育力保存的认知和生育意愿无明显差别;已婚患者的生育力保存意愿略高于未婚群体,年龄越大的患者对生育力保存的意愿越低,但尚无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论年轻的乳腺癌患者中有生育要求的患者仍占一定的比例,临床工作中要加大生育力保存的宣教,治疗前进行充分评估,让患者在知情同意后作出选择。     

中国育龄期女性乳腺癌病人生育力保存临床实践指南（2023版）

<正>GLOBOCAN 2020全球癌症统计数据显示，乳腺癌是育龄期女性发病率最高的恶性肿瘤。育龄期女性乳腺癌病人生育需求不容忽视。中华医学会外科学分会乳腺外科学组联合中国妇幼保健协会乳腺保健专业委员会组织国内部分乳腺外科、妇科、内分泌、遗传、生殖等多学科专家，参照推荐分级评估、制定与评价标准（the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation,GRADE）评价育龄期乳腺癌病人生育力保存临床研究证据质量，并结合我国临床实践可及性制定本指南，以期为国内乳腺专科医生提供参考。     

年轻女性早期乳腺癌病人生育相关调查研究

目的 了解年轻女性乳腺癌病人的生育现状。 方法 以2018年11月至2021年1月在复旦大学附属妇产科医院乳腺外科门诊就诊的226例女性乳腺癌病人为研究对象,采用问卷调查对病人年龄、婚姻状况、生育史、生育计划及生育力保存等资料进行观察分析。 结果 226例病人中,≤40岁且无远处转移者占63.27%（143/226）,143例病人中,未婚未育乳腺癌病人更倾向于有生育意愿。年龄、婚姻状况、生育史、乳腺癌分子分型是乳腺癌诊断时“是否与医师讨论生育功能保留问题”、“是否担心药物治疗会影响生育功能”、“是否与医师讨论改变药物治疗方案”、“是否采取生育功能保留措施”的关键影响因素（P值均＜0.05）。 结论 未婚未育的年轻女性乳腺癌病人有更高的生育需求,乳腺外科医师要增加对癌症病人生育力保存的知识储备,抗癌治疗前充分了解病人的生育需求,及时启动乳腺癌病人生育力保存的多学科诊疗。     

育龄男性癌症患者生育力保护知识及需求调查

目的了解育龄男性癌症患者对于生育力保护的知识水平及生育力保护需求现况。方法采用自制的育龄男性癌症患者生育力保护知识水平及需求调查问卷对332例育龄男性癌症患者进行横断面调查。结果男性癌症患者生育力保护知识得分(3. 5±0. 7)分。77. 71%患者意识到癌症治疗会损害生育能力,63. 86%和80. 72%患者不知晓生育力保护的常规方法及场所。仅10. 54%患者在肿瘤治疗前选择精子库进行生育力保存,有68. 67%患者在治疗过程中希望进行生育力保存。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,家庭月收入、年龄是患者生育力保护知识水平的影响因素(均P 0. 05);年龄、有无子女是患者生育力保护需求的影响因素(均P 0. 05)。结论育龄男性癌症患者对生育力保护的知识水平不高,多数患者在治疗前并未选择生育力保护措施,但是在治疗期间有生育力保护的需求。年轻及家庭月收入≥8 000元的患者具备更多生育力保护知识。年轻及无子女的患者在治疗过程中有生育力保存的需求。医务人员需要在患者进行治疗前充分告知生育力保护的相关信息,全面评估患者对信息的掌握程度,为患者提供切实可行的生育力保护措施和指导。     

自体卵巢组织冷冻在女性肿瘤患者生育力保存中的应用

目的探讨适合育龄期女性肿瘤患者的生育力保存方案。方法回顾性分析2017年12月至2019年9月在安徽医科大学第一附属医院生殖中心生育力保存库进行生育力保存的14例肿瘤患者的临床治疗资料,并结合相关文献,探讨合适的生育力保存方案。结果 14例女性肿瘤患者中,已婚和未婚女性各7例,平均年龄(27.35±1.52)岁,包括8例乳腺癌患者、4例卵巢交界性肿瘤患者,以及结肠癌、子宫内膜癌患者各1例。14例患者均未进行促排卵治疗,仅经腹腔镜手术取部分卵巢皮质组织进行冷冻保存。7例患者体外获取的未成熟卵母细胞经体外成熟(IVM)技术于体外培养得到成熟卵母细胞,平均成熟率为54.05%(40/74);其中2例患者(未婚)进行了卵母细胞冻存,5例患者(已婚)进行了胚胎冻存,平均冻胚(3.2±1.92)枚。结论卵巢组织、卵母细胞及胚胎冷冻技术均可用于育龄期女性肿瘤患者的生育力保存。     

恶性肿瘤患者生育力保护服务研究进展

从肿瘤治疗对生育力的影响、肿瘤患者生育力保护相关指南、国外肿瘤患者生育力保护服务研究热点和进展等进行综述,旨在基于国外研究成果、局限性及国内现况,为开展肿瘤患者生育力保护相关研究服务及出台肿瘤患者生育力保护共识或指南提供参考。     

乳腺癌患者更年期症状非药物管理的最佳证据总结

目的 运用循证的方法整合关于乳腺癌患者更年期症状非药物管理的最佳证据,为临床护理提供循证依据.方法 检索各指南网站及中英文数据库,检索时限为2010年5月至2020年5月.结果 共纳入文献19篇,包括临床实践指南3篇,专家共识7篇,系统评价9篇,围绕血管舒缩症状、泌尿生殖系统症状、肌肉骨骼症状3方面总结28条最佳证据.结论 总结的证据可用于乳腺癌患者更年期症状管理;应用时需结合文化背景、具体临床情境、患者症状及其意愿等针对性地选择证据.     

女性儿童和青少年肿瘤患者生育力保存研究进展

近年来随着儿童和青少年肿瘤远期生存率的不断提高,这些肿瘤患者的生育力保存受到越来越多人关注。化疗和放疗可能会损害儿童和青少年肿瘤患者的生育力,使其在成年后发生卵巢早衰和不孕的风险增大,严重影响了成年幸存者的生活质量。卵子冷冻是青春期后患者保存生育力的标准方案,卵巢组织冷冻是青春期前儿童保存生育力的主要方法。对于移植卵巢组织有肿瘤细胞种植风险的患者,卵泡体外培养和人工卵巢可能是未来生育力保存发展的方向。本文综述女性儿童和青少年肿瘤患者生育力保存的现状和研究进展,为临床工作和进一步研究提供参考。     

湖南省单中心518例年轻乳腺癌临床病理学特征分析

背景与目的：乳腺癌在所有女性恶性肿瘤中发病率排名首位,且年轻乳腺癌预后相对较差。年轻女性乳腺癌患者由于要面临特有的身体、社会心理、家庭等问题,更应受到关注。本研究通过分析湖南省单中心518例年轻女性乳腺癌患者的相关数据探讨年轻女性乳腺癌患者的临床病理学特点,以期为优化该类患者的治疗提供依据。 方法：回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院乳腺科2002年1月—2018年4月行手术治疗的518例年龄≤35岁的年轻女性乳腺癌患者资料,另选同期收治的年龄≥65岁的老年女性乳腺癌患者435例作为对照,比较两组患者临床及病理资料的差异。此外,将518例年轻乳腺癌患者的分子分型分布与以往在不同乳腺癌人群中的研究结果进行比较。 结果：518例年轻乳腺癌患者中,31~35岁年龄段占69.5%;正常BMI（18.5~<25 kg/m2）占74.5%;未生育者18.2%;3.3%有乳腺癌家族史;63.7%曾行新辅助化疗;77.0%行改良根治术;57.0%为TNM II期;53.7%无淋巴结转移;80.5%为非特殊类型浸润性导管癌;分子分型以luminal型为主,其中luminal A型占37.6%,luminal B型占29.2%。与老年乳腺癌患者比较,年轻乳腺癌患者的分子分型分布无统计学差异（P>0.05）;正常BMI患者比增高（74.5% vs. 60.9%）;III~IV期比例增高（25.5% vs. 20.5%）;无淋巴结转移的比例明显降低（53.7% vs. 66.2%）;保乳手术率及含重建手术的比例均增高（9.3% vs. 3.2%;7.5% vs. 1.8%）,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。518例年轻乳腺癌患者的分子分型分布与笔者以往两项湖南乳腺癌整体人群研究的分子分型分布均有明显差异（均P=0.000）,但与国内广东以及美国年轻乳腺癌人群研究的分子分型分布相似（均P>0.05）;前者的差异估计与检测方法及分型标准的变化有关。 结论：相对于老年女性乳腺癌患者,年轻女性乳腺癌患者疾病进展快,容易发生淋巴结转移,对保乳手术与乳房重建的需求较高。因此,积极进行乳腺癌筛查,提高早期检出率仍至关重要,同时应进一步提高保乳率、不断发展乳房重建与生育保存技术。     

Pregnancy after breast cancer: a case study resolving the reproductive challenge with a gestational surrogate

Abstract: Pregnancy and fertility issues are substantial concerns for the young breast cancer survivor, yet the available literature is hampered by a lack of prospective clinical studies and meaningful long‐term outcome data. A lack of reliable information often leads to physician discomfort and patients may be left to navigate the world of fertility preservation and reproductive technology on their own. This case exemplifies some of the many issues that breast cancer survivors may face and adds another dimension to the survivor's dilemma; once fertility options have been preserved, what is the best method to sustain the pregnancy—self or surrogate? For many, the goal of balancing optimal treatment and long‐term survival with restoration of a complete quality of life, including childbearing, may be attainable. This discussion highlights the importance of offering young breast cancer patients an opportunity to discuss these issues with their health care providers prior to initiating therapy.     

Prospective study to optimize care and improve knowledge on ovarian function and/or fertility preservation in young breast cancer patients: Results of the pilot phase of the PREgnancy and FERtility (PREFER) study

BackgroundDespite the availability of different strategies for ovarian function and/or fertility preservation in young breast cancer patients candidates for chemotherapy, limited data are available on patients’ actual need of these options.Patients and methodsThe PREFER study is a prospective cohort study including premenopausal women with newly diagnosed early stage breast cancer between the age of 18 and 45 years and candidates for chemotherapy. The study aimed to investigate patients' preferences and their choices of the different available strategies for ovarian function and/or fertility preservation (i.e. acceptance rate) and reasons for refusal.ResultsA total of 131 consecutive patients referred from a single breast unit were included. Median age was 38.9 years with 92 patients (70.3%) diagnosed at ≤ 40 years. The majority of patients (122, 93.1%) were concerned about the risk of treatment-induced premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and/or infertility. A total of 120 (91.6%) patients underwent temporary ovarian suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists during chemotherapy for ovarian function preservation. Among patients with ≤40 years, only 11 (12.0%) decided to access cryopreservation strategies for fertility preservation. The main reason for not accessing the fertility unit was completion of family planning before breast cancer diagnosis; for patients who accessed the fertility unit, fear of the procedure was the main reason to refuse the proposed cryopreservation strategies.ConclusionDespite the majority of young breast cancer patients are concerned about the risk of treatment-induced POI and/or infertility, only a limited number of them required to access the fertility unit to undergo cryopreservation strategies.     

Strategies for fertility preservation in young early breast cancer patients

Diagnosis of breast cancer in young women poses a threat to fertility. Due to a recent trend of delaying pregnancy, an increasing number of breast cancer patients in reproductive age wish to bear children. Health care providers have the responsibility to know how to manage fertility issues in cancer survivors. Oncofertility counseling is of great importance to many young women diagnosed with cancer and should be managed in a multi-disciplinary background. Most of young breast cancer patients are candidate to receive chemotherapy, which could lead to premature ovarian failure. A baseline evaluation of ovarian reserve may help in considering the different fertility preservation options. The choice of the suitable strategy depends also on age, type of chemotherapy, partner status and patients' motivation. Various options are available, some established such as embryo and oocyte cryopreservation, some still experimental such as ovarian tissue cryopreservation and ovarian suppression with GnRHa during chemotherapy. An early referral to a reproductive specialist should be offered to patients at risk of infertility who are interested in fertility preservation.     

Fertility in Breast Cancer Survivors in the Middle East: A Retrospective Study

IntroductionBy the time they complete breast cancer therapy, many young patients are still of childbearing age. We aim to estimate the incidence of pregnancies in women who completed treatment and examine the percentage of patients who received fertility counseling before initiation of therapy.Material and methodsElectronic health records of breast cancer patients between 2008 and 2014 at AUBMC were screened for exclusion criteria of having metastatic disease or known infertility, still receiving therapy, and being above 42 years at diagnosis. Data about therapy and tumor characteristics was obtained for the included survivors who were interviewed as well via telephone for information about fertility preservation counseling, pregnancy occurrence, and delivery.Results451 breast cancer patients were identified. 39 patients remained after application of exclusion criteria. 30.76% (n = 12) wanted more children at the time of diagnosis. 10.25% (n = 4) of all 39 patients treated for breast cancer achieved one or more pregnancy after a median time of 3.83 years after completion of therapy. 25% (n = 3) of women who wanted more children at diagnosis (n = 12) were able to conceive. 23.07% (n = 9) of patients discussed fertility with their primary oncologist prior to treatment initiation. 35.89% (n = 14) of patients were aware of fertility preservation technique availability, but none of these patients used one.ConclusionsThe observed rate of pregnancy is comparable to the literature. There is a lack in fertility counseling of breast cancer patients, and the rate of use of fertility preservation techniques is very low despite prior knowledge about their availability.     

Fertility and adjuvant treatment in young women with breast cancer

Women of childbearing age with breast cancer are often concerned about whether they will become infertile after treatment, and for those who wish to bear children, whether a subsequent pregnancy will alter their risk of disease recurrence. The risk of chemotherapy-related amenorrhea (CRA), menopause, and infertility appear to be related to patient age and type of treatment received, though data regarding actual fertility following treatment are limited. There are options available for fertility preservation for young women who wish to have a biologic child after breast cancer and are at risk for infertility. Options include cryopreservation of embryos, oocytes, ovarian tissue prior to treatment, and ovarian suppression through chemotherapy. However, most of these are considered experimental, and there are limited data regarding the safety of such strategies. There has been concern that pregnancy after breast cancer may worsen prognosis in light of the endocrine manipulations used to treat breast cancer, particularly for women with hormone sensitive disease. Several studies addressing the potential risk of pregnancy after breast cancer have not revealed any negative effect on prognosis. However, these studies have significant limitations, and concerns about a negative impact for some remain. Ongoing and future prospective studies evaluating fertility and pregnancy issues for young breast cancer survivors are warranted for this vulnerable population facing this difficult issue.     

Fertility Preservation Methods in Breast Cancer

Thanks to the recent advances in reproductive medicine, more and more young women with breast cancer may be offered the possibility of preserving their fertility. Fertility can be endangered by chemotherapy, by treatment duration and by patient's age at diagnosis. The currently available means to preserve a young woman's fertility are pharmacological protection with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues during chemotherapy, and ovarian tissue or oocyte/embryo freezing before treatment. New future venues, including in vitro maturation, will improve the feasibility and efficacy of the fertility preservation methods in breast cancer patients.     

Guideline based approach to male fertility preservation

With the increased awareness that cancer and its treatments may have a substantial impact upon quality of life before, during, and after therapy, fertility preservation is now widely recognized as an essential component of care for all patients with a new cancer diagnosis. The emergence of formal fertility preservation guidelines from multiple professional societies has provided a framework for incorporating fertility preservation into clinical practice. Providers should discuss fertility considerations with new cancer patients at the earliest possible opportunity, prior to initiation of potentially gonadotoxic cancer treatments. Sperm banking via masturbation remains the easiest and most reliable method for fertility preservation, though a variety of alternatives exist for adolescents and adult males with azoospermia or those who are unable to provide a sample. Ultimately, care can be optimally delivered through a formal fertility preservation program that includes providers from multiple disciplines with the resources to provide comprehensive and expedient care.