胃肠道间质瘤预后因素的临床分析

目的探讨影响胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)的预后因素。方法回顾性分析2000-2003年间41例GIST患者的免疫组织化学表达情况及肿瘤的大小、生长部位、核分裂数及手术的切除程度与该病预后的关系。结果GIST患者的病理切片中CD117、CD34和波形蛋白(vimentin)的表达比较高,分别为92.7%、82.9%和78.0%。生长在小肠的GIST比生长在胃和结直肠者预后差(P<0.05);肿瘤直径大于5cm患者的预后较小于或等于5cm的差(3年生存率为54%比72%,P<0.05);核分裂大于5/50HPF者预后较小于或等于5/50HPF者差(P<0.05);行不完全性切除手术者比行完全性切除者预后差(P<0.05)。结论完全性手术切除肿瘤能明显提高GIST患者的预后。生长在小肠的肿瘤、肿瘤直径大于5cm和核分裂大于5/50HPF是影响肿瘤预后的因素。     

胃肠道间质瘤的病理与免疫组化特征:附20例报告

摘要：应用常规病理学检查和免疫组织化学对20例胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）的组织结构和相关抗原表达进行研究，并结合临床资料，对其临床表现和生物学行为进行分析。全组GIST均为成人。发生于胃12例，小肠6例，结肠1例，直肠1例。其中良性7例，交界性3例，恶性10例。常见的症状为消化道出血和腹部肿块。GIST肿瘤组织学形态复杂多变，特点是梭形细胞和上皮样细胞两者按不同比例混合性或单一性地组成肿瘤的实体。免疫组织化学分析：波形蛋白阳性率为100%，CD11795.0%，CD3490.0%，SMA20.0%，S-10025.0%。 除侵犯临近组织和发生转移外，肿瘤性坏死、病理性核分裂、核分裂象大于5个/50HPF等为提示恶性GIST的指标，肿瘤大小、细胞密集程度及细胞的多形性亦可作为良恶性判断的参考指标。     

胃肠道外间质瘤的病理及免疫组化观察

目的：探讨胃肠道外间质瘤（extra—gastrointestinalstromaltumors，EGIST）的病理、免疫组织化学特点及鉴别诊断。方法：应用光镜观察30例胃肠道外间质瘤的形态特征，用免疫组化SP法检测CD117，CD34，α—SMA，S-100蛋白在EGIST中的表达情况。结果：30例EGIST镜下梭形细胞为主型24例，上皮样细胞型1例，混合型5例。免疫组织化学显示CD117及CD34的阳性率分别为6818％和1α—SMA和S-100部分有灶性的表达：不同性质（良性、潜在恶性、恶性）及不同部位EGIST中CD117、CD34、α—SMA和S-100阳性率比较无显著差异‘黔0．05）；随访发现初步诊断为良性的3例中有1例术后5年复发，潜在恶性9例中随访2例，一例存活7年，一例术后4年复发。恶性随访3例，1例存活3年，1例1年后死于肝转移，1例术后2年复发。结论：在光镜观察的基础上，选择一组优化的抗体组合，应用免疫组化方法是诊断EGIST的有效手段。CD117对EGIST具有一定的敏感性和特异性。CD117、CD34、α—SMA、S-100蛋白阳性表达率在不同性质及不同部位EGIST中基本相同。在判断EGIST良恶性时，瘤细胞的密集程度（核拥挤及重叠）、肿瘤性坏死、核分裂象数大于2个／50HPF、细胞异型性明显可作为较可靠的恶性参考指标。EGIST需与相同部位的平滑肌肉瘤、恶性神经鞘膜瘤等鉴别。     

52例胃肠道间质瘤临床与病理分析

目的 探讨胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumous，GIST)的临床表现、组织学和免疫组织化学(免疫组化)的特点及治疗方法。方法 对1987年1月至1999年12月收治的52例GIST患的临床和组织学资料进行回顾性分析，并应用4种抗体(C-kjt、CD34、SMA、S-100)通过免疫组化方法进行分析研究。结果 本组GIST主要发生于胃(42．3％，22／52)和小肠(36．5％，19／52)，结直肠较少(21．2％，11／52)；良性18例，潜在恶性4例，恶性30例。淋巴结转移率3．6％(1／26)，C-kit阳性表达率92．3％(48／52)，CD34阳性表达率86．5％(45／52)。肿瘤切除率1OO％。结论 GIST是胃肠道最常见的间叶性肿瘤，临床表现和组织学检查无特异性，C-kjt(CD117)和CD34标记阳性是确诊GIST最有价值的诊断依据，GIST的淋巴结转移率低，手术切除是主要的治疗手段。     

胃肠道间质瘤32例的诊断和临床病理特征分析

目的探讨胃肠道间质瘤 (gastrointestinalstromaltumor,GIST)的诊断、病理组织形态、免疫组化特点和良恶性的参考指标。方法应用光镜观察 5 4例胃肠道间叶源性肿瘤的形态特征和通过免疫组化EnVision法检测CD1 1 7、CD34和S 1 0 0表达的情况 ,确诊并分析其中 32例GIST的临床病理特征。结果交界性恶性GIST在男性中多见。免疫组化染色显示CD1 1 7呈弥漫强阳性 ,CD34多呈弥漫强阳性 ,S 1 0 0偶尔呈局灶或散在阳性 ,阳性率分别为 1 0 0 %、5 9%和 1 6 %。结论CD1 1 7是诊断GIST的敏感而特异的标记物。肿瘤性坏死、肿瘤细胞密集和肠道肿瘤核分裂象≥ 1 /5 0HPF是判断恶性GIST的指标 ,男性是GIST潜在的恶性因素     

胃肠道间质瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨胃肠道间质瘤的病理特点。方法对38例胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)患者的病理资料进行回顾分析。结果GIST发病部位:胃部18例(47.37%),小肠12例(31.58%),结肠5例(13.16%),肠系膜3例(7.89%)。术前诊断明确仅有4例。免疫组化分析:38例CD117均为阳性,CD34阳性25例、S-100阳性7例、SMA阴性21例。GIST危险性分类极低度5例、低度8例、中等12例、高度13例。结论胃肠道间质瘤患者多发于老年患者,临床以病理组织学、免疫组织化学等检查手段为主要确诊方法,肿瘤大小及核分裂像为其生物学行为指标。     

胃间质瘤临床诊治和预后分析:附35例报告

目的:探讨胃间质瘤的临床特点,诊治经验和预后。方法:回顾性分析我院诊治的35例胃GIST病人的临床资料,并对临床特点、诊断、治疗以及预后进行报道,探讨该病复发转移的特点及影响预后的因素。结果:术前诊断正确率为68.6%肿瘤,中位直径7.0(1.5～14.0)cm。行胃楔形切除9例,胃部分切除23例,全胃切除3例;术后服用甲磺酸伊马替尼9例。CD117(+)100%,CD34(+)90.9%,Vim(+)79.3%,SMA(+)42.9%,S-100(+)26.9%。术后有6例出现复发转移,其中1例进行了再次手术。2例出现肝转移,3例后腹膜转移,1例腹腔广泛转移;2例死亡,4例带瘤生存。单因素分析发现,肿瘤直径≥5 cm、核分裂象≥5/50 HPF以及高危病人为胃GIST复发转移的预测因素。结论:胃GIST高危病人术后出现复发或转移的可能性大,即使出现复发、转移,也应积极再次手术,同时高危和复发转移者应配合甲磺酸伊马替尼辅助治疗。     

胃肠道间质细胞瘤临床病理与免疫组化研究

目的 探讨胃肠间质瘤(CISTs)的临床病理和免疫组化特征，为其诊断提供参考指标。方法 对35例(CISTs进行病理形态学观察，并采用免疫组化染色检测其CD117、CD34、vimentin、SMA和S-100蛋白表达检测。结果 35例GISTs中，良性16例，恶性17例，潜在恶性2例，主要由梭形细胞和上皮样细胞构成：免疫组化vimentin、CD34、CD117肿瘤细胞显示明显阳性，阳性率分别为100％、88。6％、60．0％，SMA和S-100蛋白呈散在细胞阳性，阳性率分别为34．3％和6．1％。结论 GISTs是胃肠道最常见的问质肿瘤，HE染色下形态与平滑肌肿瘤和神经源性肿瘤较相似，免疫组化染色对其诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要作用，CD117特异性较高，CD34敏感性较高。     

胃肠道间质细胞肿瘤43例临床及病理分析

目的:探讨胃肠道间质瘤临床表现和良性、潜在恶性、恶性的病理诊断标准,及其对临床评估预后的价值.方法:选用43例临床资料完整的病例,经免疫组化S-P方法测定CD117、CD34、SMA、S-100、NSE及组织化学Masson染色.结果:43例免疫组化阳性率CD117 40/43例(93.0%);CD34 34/43例(79.1%);CD117及CD34皆阳性30/43(69.8%),SMA 16/43例(37.2%)向平滑肌分化;S-100阳性或兼有NSE阳性14/43例(32.6%)向神经鞘分化;6/43例(14.0%)双向分化.良性5例,潜在恶性10例,恶性28例,预后与肿瘤病理判定密切相关.结论:胃肠道间质瘤的病理诊断除结合临床各项检查外,仍需依靠免疫组化测定(CD117及/或CD34),其中必须一项呈阳性者方能确定诊断.     

胃间质瘤临床病理及预后分析

目的探讨胃间质瘤临床病理特征及与预后相关的因素。方法收集中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1986年3月至2001年12月收治的98例有完整资料的位于胃的间质瘤、平滑肌瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、平滑肌母细胞瘤、许旺细胞瘤和神经纤维瘤患者的临床和病理资料.复阅切片(苏木精-伊红染色)、重新诊断,肿瘤两点取材构建组织微阵列;免疫组织化学染色检测CD117、CD34、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、desmin、S-100及Ki-67蛋白等6种抗体的表达;单因素及多因素分析各变量与患者预后的关系。结果确诊间质瘤91例(92.9%)。随访率91.0%,中位随访时间54个月,患者1、5、10年生存率分别为88.8%、79.6%和63.7%。单因素分析显示,患者的预后与肿瘤大小、核分裂像数目、肿瘤坏死、核异型、细胞类型、细胞密集程度、手术类型、黏膜侵犯、年龄及Ki-67标记指数(5%为界)等因素有关(P<0.05,P<0.01);多因素分析显示,肿瘤大小、核分裂像数目、肿瘤坏死及黏膜受侵是影响预后的重要因素(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论肿瘤直径大于10cm、核分裂像数目超过10个/50HPF、肿瘤有坏死,黏膜受侵常提示胃间质瘤恶性度较高。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.