人造宝石工矽肺肺功能测定分析

目的了解人造宝石工矽肺患者的肺通气功能受损情况及探讨与天然宝石工矽肺患者的肺功能差别。方法对人造宝石工矽肺Ⅰ期57例、天然宝石工矽肺Ⅰ期45例和50名对照组分别进行肺功能测定,同时对作业场所进行职业卫生调查。结果两种宝石厂生产环境中粉尘浓度高,超标率严重(人造宝石超标率为72.73%,天然宝石超标率为80.00%),人造宝石加工粉尘中游离S iO2的含量(平均为44.85%)明显低于天然宝石粉尘中(平均为90.07%);肺通气功能测定显示人造宝石工矽肺患者肺活量(VC)、用力呼吸肺活量(FVC)、1秒钟用力呼气量(FEV1)、最大呼气流量(PEF)、25%~75%肺活量用力呼气流量(FEF25-75)、50%肺活量用力呼气流量(FEF50)、75%肺活量用力呼气流量(FEF75)明显低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),VC、FVC、FEV1、1秒钟用力呼气量与用力肺活量百分比(FEV1/FVC)、PEF显著高于天然宝石工矽肺(P<0.05或P<0.01),肺通气功能异常率高于对照组(P<0.05)低于天然宝石工矽肺组(P<0.01)。结论人造宝石工矽肺患者肺功能损伤明显,但其损伤程度比天然宝石工矽肺轻。     

三明市区9～11岁小学生肺功能调查分析

目的了解三明市区9~11岁小学生的肺功能情况,并对相关影响因素进行分析。方法选取三明市三元区和梅列区两所小学634名9~11岁健康小学生进行肺功能检测分析。结果 634名学生中,男生246人,女生288人。9岁、11岁组用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、呼气峰值流速(PEF)、25%肺活量时的最大呼气流速(FEF25%)、75%肺活量时的最大呼气流速(FEF75%),男生均高于女生;10岁组FEF75%女生高于男生,FVC、FEV1、PEF、FEF25%和FEF75%男女生差异无统计学意义。FVC、FEV1、PEF、FEF25%、FEF75%与年龄、身高、体重呈正相关,FVC、FEV1、PEF、FEF25%与性别呈负相关。结论三明市区9~11岁小学生肺功能指标受年龄、身高、体重和性别的影响,但影响因素不完全相同。     

安阳市城区500例6~13岁儿童肺功能与生长发育指标的关系分析

目的探讨安阳市城区儿童肺功能与生长发育指标的关系。方法按简单随机抽样法,抽取学校500名6~13岁健康儿童,其中男295例,女205例,检测其肺功能主要指标:呼气峰流速(PEF)、第1s用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、以及用力呼气流量(FEF),分别取25%、50%、75%肺活量的呼气流速。Pearson相关性分析不同性别儿童肺功能与身高、年龄、体重的关系;且经由多重线性回归分析生长发育指标对肺功能的影响。结果男生FVC显著高于女生,FEF25%低于女生(P<0.05);儿童肺功能主要指标PEF、FEV1、FVC、FEF25%、FEF50%、FEF75%均与年龄、身高、体重呈正相关(P<0.05);身高对儿童肺功能主要指标均有影响,且较体重和年龄影响大;体重对FVC、FEV1、PEF影响较大,年龄对FEF50%和FEF75%影响较大。结论身高对儿童肺功能影响最大,年龄、体重其次。     

支气管舒张试验在儿童哮喘不同时期中的临床应用

目的 探讨支气管舒张试验在儿童哮喘急性发作期和缓解期中的应用价值.方法 2007年3月至2009年6月住院治疗的儿童哮喘病例48例,在规范治疗的同时,分别检测哮喘急性发作期与缓解期的常规通气肺功能及在支气管舒张试验前后肺功能的变化.结果 急性发作期和缓解期第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大呼气峰流速(PEF)、呼出肺活量25%时的用力呼气流速(FEF25)、呼出肺活量50%时的用力呼气流速(FEF50)、呼出肺活量75%时的用力呼气流速(FEF75)支气管舒张试验后均较试验前明显改善(P＜0.01),其中急性发作期FEV1、FEV1/FVC、PEF、FEF25较缓解期改善明显[(17.08±8.14)%比(5.29±4.82)%、(16.73±8.31)%比(5.12±6.83)%、(15.52±9.22)%比(7.68±4.33)%、(30.72±21.92)%比(9.24±5.14)%,P＜0.01].急性发作期FEV1、FEV1/FVC、PEF、FEF25支气管舒张试验阳性率高于缓解期,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 哮喘急性发作期儿童待病情进入缓解期后,反映小气道功能指标(FEF50、FEF75)的改善仍需要较长时间.支气管舒张试验中FEF50、FEF75的改善率对哮喘缓解期儿童的诊断和疗效判断有一定的应用价值.     

上海市某郊区学校儿童肺功能测定结果分析

[目的]了解上海市某郊区学校儿童的肺功能基本情况. [方法]对上海市某郊区小学的3～5年级学生进行肺功能检查. [结果]男女生肺功能主要指标如用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒钟用力肺活量(FEV1.0)、峰值呼气流速(PEF)、用力呼气中段流速(FEF2575)、用力呼出25％肺活量的呼吸流速(FEF25％)、用力呼出50％肺活量的呼吸流速(FEF50％)、用力呼出75％肺活量的呼吸流速(FEF75％)等与身高、体重和年龄均呈密切正相关,且与身高的关系最为密切;男生FVC、FEV1.0、PEF、FEF25％高于女生;有17.9％者显示肺通气功能受损,另有6.6％者可能发生早期小气道病变.[结论]肺功能测定是儿童呼吸系统的重要检测手段;儿童肺功能检测中,小气道指标对肺功能早期改变的意义尤其重要.     

惠州市某区宝石加工作业工人肺功能测定分析

目的了解惠州市某区宝石加工作业工人的肺功能损害情况。方法 2009年7月惠阳区疾病预防控制中心对该区宝石加工厂接尘工龄1a以上的214名男工进行肺功能测定,其中切石工人127例,打磨工人87例;另选择该厂的61名非接尘男工作为对照组;并对宝石加工厂空气中粉尘浓度进行测定。结果该宝石加工厂空气中矽尘浓度超标率超过77%,最高超标为9倍。矽尘中游离SiO2含量平均为47.29%。接尘组肺通气功能的异常率显著高于对照组(P0.01),用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力肺活量(FEV1.0)、第1秒用力肺活量与用力肺活量之比(FEV1.0/FVC)、肺活量(VC)、最大呼气中期流速(FEF25-75)、最大呼气25%、50%、75%肺活量时流量(FEF25、FEF50、FEF75)均明显低于对照组(P0.01)。结论该宝石加工作业粉尘可致工人肺功能一定程度的损伤,应做好预防工作。     

佛山市禅城区5～14岁儿童肺通气功能正常预计值研究

目的对佛山市禅城区5~14岁健康儿童肺通气功能进行测定,以确定佛山市儿童肺功能的正常值范围和正常预计值方程。方法选取2018年1-10月在该院行肺通气功能检查的5~14岁佛山市禅城区健康儿童360例为研究对象,按每2岁为1个年龄段分为5组,其中5~6岁组67例、7~8岁组69例、9~10岁组74例、11~12岁组73例、13~14岁组77例。使用德国JAEGER公司生产的MasterScreen型肺功能仪进行常规的肺通气功能检查,检查其用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值(FEV1/FVC)、用力呼出25%肺活量最大流速(FEF25)、用力呼出50%肺活量最大流速(FEF50)、用力呼出75%肺活量最大流速(FEF75)、用力呼气时最高呼气流速(PEF)、最大呼气中期流量(MMEF75/25)、最大通气量(MVV)等指标,并对各参数进行多元逐步回归分析,建立正常预计值方程式。结果肺功能主要参数FVC、FEV1、PEF均随年龄增加而增加,各年龄组间差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。5~6岁组、7~8岁组、9~10岁组、11~12岁组儿童不同性别间主要肺功能参数FVC、FEV1、PEF比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05);但13~14岁组儿童不同性别间主要肺功能参数FVC、FEV1、PEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。肺功能主要参数与年龄、身高、体质量呈正相关关系,其中身高对各参数影响最大,年龄、体质量次之。结论该研究建立了佛山市禅城区5~14岁儿童肺通气功能正常值范围及预计值方程式,为同行开展相关研究提供了可利用的科学数据。     

135例吸烟患者肺功能检查的临床分析

目的 探讨吸烟对检查对象肺功能的影响,总结其规律性,寻求可能的干预方法.方法 选择2010年1～12月到笔者所在医院体检的研究对象共255例.吸烟组135例,非吸烟组120例.按常规检查肺功能,检查第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、用力肺活量（FVC）、FEV1/FVC、最大呼气中期流速（MMEF）、75%、50%、25%肺活量位的最大呼气流速（MEF75、MEF50、MEF25）、呼气峰流速（PEF）.结果 反映肺功能的指标FEV1、FEV1/FVC、MMEF、PEF、MEF50等在吸烟组明显下降,两组比较第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、用力肺活量（FVC）、FEV1/FVC、最大呼气中期流速（MMEF）、75%、50%、25%肺活量位的最大呼气流速（MEF75、MEF50、MEF25）、呼气峰流速（PEF）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 吸烟者在尚无临床症状时,其肺通气功能已明显下降,肺功能的变化受吸烟影响,较长期大量吸烟的人的肺功能的减退尤为明显.     

焦炉工人尿1-羟基芘与肺通气功能损伤的关系

目的研究焦炉工人尿1-羟基芘(1-OHP)及其蓄积作用与肺通气功能损伤的关系。方法于2009年6—7月选取某焦化厂185名焦炉作业工人为暴露组,同厂辅助工种145人为对照组。使用统一的调查表收集个人基本信息,采用高效液相色谱法检测作业环境空气中苯并(a)芘和研究对象尿1-OHP浓度,采用肺功能仪测定肺功能指标。结果暴露组工人25%肺活量时呼气流速(FEF25)、肺活量(VC)、用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。以尿1-OHP浓度2.3μmol/molCr为界值将暴露组分为高暴露和低暴露,高暴露组75%肺活量时呼气流速(FEF75)、FEF25、VC、FVC、FEV1均低于低暴露组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多重线性逐步回归分析结果显示,暴露组尿1-OHP浓度与50%肺活量时呼气流速(FEF50)、FEF25、最大呼气流速(PEF)、VC、MVV、FEV1呈负相关(P0.05),尿1-OHP的蓄积作用与VC、FVC、MVV、FEV1呈负相关(P0.05)。结论焦炉工人尿1-OHP及其蓄积作用与肺功能损伤有关,可用来反映焦炉工人肺功能损伤情况。     

肺炎支原体感染对哮喘儿童肺功能的影响

目的研究肺炎支原体感染对哮喘儿童肺功能的影响。方法分析攀枝花市中心医院2013-2016年收治的100例哮喘儿童资料。肺炎支原体感染阳性的54例患儿设为观察组,肺炎支原体感染阴性的46例患儿设为对照组。入院治疗后1周进行肺功能检测,比较两组患儿肺功能参数。结果观察组患儿咳嗽、喘息缓解时间为(8.9±1.4)d,治疗时间为(7.4±1.3)d;对照组患儿咳嗽、喘息缓解时间为(6.4±0.8)d,治疗时间为(5.2±0.9)d。观察组患儿咳嗽、喘息缓解时间、治疗时间均长于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患儿用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒最大呼气率(FEV1/FVC)均低于对照组,但差异比较无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患儿1 s用力呼气容积(FEV1)、呼气峰流速(PEF)、25%肺活量呼气流速(FEF25%)、用力呼出50%肺活量的呼气流速(FEF50%)、用力呼出75%肺活量呼气流速(FEF75%)、用力中段呼气流速(FEF25%~75%)均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);比较肺炎支原体抗体不同滴度肺功能参数,发现各项指标比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肺炎支原体感染能够降低哮喘患儿肺功能,以小气道阻塞性病变为主,但其严重程度与肺炎支原体抗体滴度无关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.