腰椎旋转手法对髓核内压力和神经根位移的影响

目的　观察模拟腰椎旋转手法下髓核内压力的变化和神经根的位置改变 ,以探讨旋转手法治疗腰椎间盘突出症的合理性。方法　 (1) 7具新鲜尸体腰椎标本在 MTS机上经定量模拟腰椎旋转手法 ,测量手法前后 L3,4、L4,5和 L5S1 髓核内压力变化 ;(2 )用引伸仪定量化观察模拟旋转手法下 L5神经根与 L4,5椎间盘之间的位置变化关系。结果　旋转手法可使髓核内压力明显升高 ,各腰椎节段中以 L5S1 髓核内压力升高最明显 (p <0 .0 5 ) ;旋转手法时 L5神经根与 L4,5椎间盘之间相对位移为 (1.48± 0 .6 7) mm ,双侧神经根位置变化量无显著差别。结论　 (1)旋转手法难以使突出物还纳 ;(2 )旋转手法可改变神经根与突出物之间位置关系 ,正确的腰椎旋转手法的施力方向应以突出物与神经根的位置关系而定     

颈椎间盘纤维环及髓核的超微结构观察

目的：探讨在颈椎间盘纤维环及髓核退变中组织形态的变化。方法：对正常人、单纯颈椎间盘突出症、脊髓型颈椎病三组椎间盘纤维环及髓核进行电镜观察。结果：三组椎间盘胶原纤维无明显变化,单纯颈椎间盘突出症与脊髓型颈椎病人的退变椎间盘细胞较正常人有明显变化,表现为严重退变或细胞坏死。结论：单纯颈椎间盘突出症患者椎间盘以退变细胞为主,为退变早期阶段功能代偿期,脊髓型颈椎病椎间盘以坏死细胞为主,为退变晚期阶段,为不可逆期;颈腰椎间盘退变的组织形态学不完全相同。     

正常和病变椎间盘髓核的糖胺多糖研究

蛋白多糖是椎间盘髓核的主要基质成分 ,为研究蛋白多糖代谢变化与椎间盘退变、突出的关系 ,我们对椎间盘髓核中蛋白多糖的水解提取物———糖胺多糖 (Ｇｌｙｃｏｓａｍｉｎｏｇｌｙｃａｎ ,ＧＡＧ)进行了生化研究。1　材料与方法1 1　取材 :正常椎间盘髓核标本取自急性脑外伤死后 1ｈ的男性青年 (平均年龄 2 6 9岁 )共 34个标本 ,肉眼及解剖观察无明显变性和椎间盘突出。退变标本取自腰椎间盘突出症手术患者 ,共 33个 ,患者平均年龄 2 8岁。1 2　ＧＡＧ提取 :将标本称取重量后切碎 ,放人编号试管中 ,依顺序加入0 1ＭＮａＯＨ1 5ｍｌ,制成…     

旋转手法对颈椎髓核内压力影响的实验研究

目的:通过模拟不同旋转手法,测量新鲜人体颈椎标本髓核内压力的变化。方法:选取6例新鲜男性颈椎标本,利用生物力学材料实验机对标本进行力学加载。加载方案为:模拟头部重量及颈伸肌力加载100N压力(5s),然后分别以150、200、300N力量对标本进行不同顺序的牵引和旋转以及扳动。加载状态有A、B、C3种。A状态:对标本先牵引,再加载旋转至最大角度,再向后扳动15°;B状态:对标本先加载旋转至最大角度,再加载牵引力,再向后扳动15°;C状态:同时加载牵引和旋转至最大角度,再向后扳动15°。力学加载同时利用微型压力传感器采集标本C3,4、C4,5、C5,6和C6,7髓核内如下指标的变化:模拟头部重量及颈伸肌力加载100N压力(5s)后髓核内压力变化;加载不同牵引力后对髓核内压力的变化;加载不同顺序牵引和旋转力后髓核内压力的变化;加载不同状态后进行扳动时髓核内压力的变化;加载不同力量的扳动时髓核内压力的变化。结果:模拟头部重量及颈伸肌力加载100N压力(5s)后,C5,6,C6,7较C3,4,C4,5髓核内压力高(P0.05);加载不同牵引力后,标本髓核内压力可随牵引力的增加而下降(P0.05);加载不同顺序牵引和旋转力后,所有标本髓核内压力均出现升高,A状态髓核内压力随着加载牵引力的增加,压力升高的数值越小(P0.05),加载B状态髓核内压力值随加载力量的增加而升高(P0.05),加载C状态髓核内压力均升高不明显(P0.05);加载不同牵引和旋转顺序后的扳动,所有标本髓核内压力均出现一过性地升高(P0.05),A状态髓核内压力明显高于B、C状态(P0.05);加载不同力量的扳动后,所有标本髓核内压力均出现一过性地升高(P0.05),150N扳动后髓核内压力明显高于200、300N(P0.05)。结论:在临床进行旋转手法操作时应尽量避免使用先旋转后牵引的手法,以避免造成髓核进一步突出的危险;同时应配合足够的牵引力来降低因旋转和扳动带来的髓核压力升高。     

颈椎间盘纤维环及髓核生化成分的分析

颈椎病的发生、发展与颈椎间盘退变有关。作者通过分析正常人、单纯颈椎间盘突出症 (Ｃｅｒｖｉｃａｌｄｉｓｃｈｅｒｎｉａｔｉｏｎ ,ＣＤＨ)患者及脊髓型颈椎病 (Ｃｅｒｖｉｃａｌｓｐｏｎｄｙｌｏｔｉｃｍｙｅｌｏｐａｔｈｙ ,ＣＳＭ )患者椎间盘纤维环及髓核的生化成分 ,了解颈椎间盘退变的变化过程。资料与方法　正常人间盘取自 4例新鲜尸体标本中的 17个颈椎间盘 ,平均年龄 31 5岁 ,生前均无颈椎疾患。 2例ＣＤＨ患者年龄分别为 30及 35岁 ,均有外伤史及颈脊髓受压的症状和体征 ,影像学表现为单纯间盘突出 ,且经手术证实。ＣＳＭ 8例 …     

腰椎间盘突出症和椎间盘源性疼痛的免疫病理学研究

目的通过对突出腰椎间盘组织中免疫因子的测定,进一步探讨腰椎间盘突出症与椎间盘源性疼痛在免疫病理学改变的异同点。方法收集标本:腰椎间盘突出症(A组)30例,椎间盘源性疼痛(B组)30例,确诊后两组均行腰椎后路减压植骨融合术,腰椎爆裂骨折(C组)10例,都行前路手术,共70例椎间盘髓核标本。对各组髓核组织进行组织学观察,通过免疫组化方法对髓核中CD25+T细胞和CD68阳性巨噬细胞进行检测及数据统计分析。结果病理学观察:C组髓核组织细胞形态一致,匀称分布,细胞质无明显退变,无明显炎症细胞浸润;其他两组均见髓核细胞空泡样变、形态不一致,胞质分布不均;A组髓核组织周围能见较多炎症细胞、局部见毛细血管增生;B组髓核细胞质退变明显,髓核组织周围能见少量炎症细胞,无明显毛细血管增生。免疫组化检测:CD68阳性率,B组(50%)A组(33.3%)C组(0%),各组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组中CD25+T细胞均表现在CD68阳性巨噬细胞相同位置,B组与C组为阴性。结论腰椎间盘突出症髓核周围有显著的自身免疫反应与炎症反应;椎间盘源性疼痛髓核周围有少量炎症细胞与较多巨噬细胞,但未见明显的毛细血管与T淋巴细胞增生,表明周围有炎症反应,但自身免疫反应没有腰椎间盘突出症典型。     

微应力下家兔颈椎间盘突出模型的建立

目的 建立一种微应力下家兔颈椎间盘突出模型.方法 家兔随机分组,定制弹簧固定颈6及颈7棘突,分笼饲养3个月建模.对家兔进行X线、MRI检查;取颈椎标本,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察相应椎间盘变化.结果 实验组家兔颈椎X线显示内固定物固定良好.颈6/7角度异常,向后成角,前缘可见硬化.MRI显示颈6/7曲度改变,椎间盘T2加权像信号变低;HE染色实验组髓核出现皱缩.髓核体积不断皱缩,并沿纤维环微小裂隙,向后突出.软骨终板层厚度增高.结论 微应力条件可以使家兔颈椎间盘出现退变表现,形成颈椎间盘突出动物模型.     

颈椎间盘纤维环及髓核生化成分的分析

目的：探讨在颈椎间盘纤维及髓核退变中生化成分的变化。方法：通过正常人、单纯颈椎间盘突出症、脊髓型颈椎病３组椎间盘纤维环及髓核生成分测量,主要测定水分、胶原蛋白及蛋白多糖的含量。结果：单纯颈椎间盘突出症与正常人椎间盘内生化成分无明显变化（Ｐ〉０．０５）,而在脊髓型颈椎病人的退变间盘中的生化成较正常人有明显变化（Ｐ〈０．０５）,主要表现为前者退变间盘中水分及蛋白多糖含量明显减少,而胶原蛋白明显增加,但Ⅰ／Ⅱ型胶原比无明显变化（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：单纯经椎间盘突出为退变的较早期阶段为可逆期,脊髓型颈椎病为退变晚期阶段,为不可逆期;颈腰间盘退变不完全相同。     

前后路联合手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出临床疗效观察

目的探讨前后路联合手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析20例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出20例的临床资料。结果本组获5~28个月的随访,患者术后感觉及运动功能均较术前有明显提高。结论后路单开门椎管扩大成形术加颈前路髓核摘除椎间融合器融合术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出,其操作安全、简便,并发症少,维持颈髓减压、颈椎稳定以及生理曲度效果好。     

经皮内镜下前路颈椎间盘髓核摘除术近期疗效

目的观察经皮内镜下前路颈椎间盘髓核摘除术治疗颈椎间盘突出症的近期疗效。方法采用经皮内镜下前路颈椎间盘髓核摘除术治疗13例颈椎间盘突出症患者。比较患者术前、术后1周及1、3、6个月的疼痛VAS评分及JOA评分;末次随访时采用改良Mac Nab标准评价临床疗效。结果手术时间40~70 min,术中出血量10~20 ml,术后住院4~7 d。无神经根损伤、硬膜囊破裂、气管或食管损伤等并发症发生。13例均获得随访,时间6~8个月。术后各时段VAS评分及JOA评分均较术前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访时根据改良Mac Nab标准评定疗效:优9例,良3例,可1例。结论经皮内镜下前路颈椎间盘髓核摘除术治疗颈椎间盘突出症是一种安全、有效的微创手术方式,近期疗效可靠。     

Histological development of intervertebral disc herniation

Sagittal and horizontal sections of 257 intervertebral discs obtained at autopsy and material obtained from 441 operations for herniation of a disc were examined histologically. In the material that was taken at autopsy, myxomatous degeneration of the annulus fibrosus increased in proportion to the age of the subject. The bundles in the internal layer of the annulus fibrosus reversed their usual direction and showed myxomatous degeneration, sometimes resulting in posterior and anterior convex bulging in the internal layer of the anterior and posterior parts of the annulus fibrosus, respectively. When material from a disc was surgically removed as a single free fragment (as in a complete extrusion or a sequestration type of herniation), annulus fibrosus with myxomatous degeneration was found in most material, while the nucleus pulposus rarely was. These results suggest that, from the standpoint of pathomechanism, a protrusion type of herniation of the annulus fibrosus exists in which only the annulus fibrosus is protruded due to reversal of the bundles of the annulus fibrosus, without involvement of the nucleus pulposus. This type of herniation would be a separate entity from the protrusion type of herniation of the nucleus pulposus that occurs when the nucleus pulposus is protruded through a fissure in the annulus fibrosus.     

突出髓核内压力在神经根受压机制中的作用

目的观察腰椎间盘突出症患者突出髓核内压力与神经根受压程度的关系。探讨突出髓核组织的临床意义及手法治疗的机理。方法选取空军总医院收治的腰椎间盘突出症手术患者30例,根据直腿抬高试验分为直腿抬高(+)性组、(-)性组,术中测量患者突出髓核内压力大小、观察突出髓核内压力与直腿抬高高度的关系。结果直腿抬高(+)性组患者突出髓核内压力明显高于(—)性组患者,具有显著意义(P<0.01)。两组患者突出髓核大小无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论1、突出髓核对神经根的压迫与突出髓核内压力有关,突出髓核内压力较大时患者直腿抬高受限,突出髓核内压力较小时直腿抬高不受限。突出髓核对神经根的压迫与突出髓核大小尚未见明显关系。2、椎管对突出髓核组织的容纳的极限与突出髓核内的压力相关,推测手法治疗可以通过降低突出髓核内压力减轻甚至解除神经根受压,达到治疗目的。     

Histology of intervertebral disc protrusion: an experimental study using an aged rat model

STUDY DESIGN: In vitro experimental intervertebral disc ruptures of aged rats were examined histologically. OBJECTIVES: To clarify the mechanism of intervertebral disc herniations by microscopic investigation of ruptured discs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Clinically, disc herniations have been classified into two types: extrusion and protrusion. However, the pathogenesis of protrusion type herniations has not yet been demonstrated by any studies. To clarify this issue, it is essential to establish an appropriate model producing disc herniations, and to examine the sequential changes in the structure of herniated discs. METHODS: Lumbar discs of 2-year-old rats were examined histologically and compared with human lumbar discs. To examine structural changes in discs subjected to repetitive motion stress, 400 repetitions of a sequence of flexion (30 degrees ) and axial rotation (6 degrees ) were applied in vitro to the lumbar discs of the animals. RESULTS: The microstructure of normal lumbar discs in aged rats was similar in many ways to the human lumbar discs in a 20- to 40-year-old adult. Of 10 discs subjected to repetitive stress, 4 were ruptured at the junction between the posterior anulus fibrosus and the sacral cartilage endplate. One had an extruded nucleus pulposus, and three had a protruded anulus fibrosus, which displayed disorganized structure containing widened and flaccid lamellae. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study indicate that disc protrusion can be caused by disorganization of the ruptured annular lamellae, not by focal compression of the nucleus pulposus.     

凝固椎间盘髓核的生物力学研究

目的观察凝固髓核的轴向抗压缩能力,探讨其临床应用的可行性。方法将12只杂种犬的16个椎间盘分为4组：空白对照组4个,明矾溶液1组（注入明矾溶液3d）4个,明矾溶液2组（注入明矾溶液2周）4个,明矾溶液3组（注入明矾溶液1个月）4个。外接压力泵,并维持160kPa压力5min,将0．15ml10％明矾溶液缓慢注入椎间盘髓核,使椎间盘髓核凝固以实验椎间盘为中心,取一个脊柱功能单位作为生物力学检测的标本。检测标本的轴向载荷位移曲线及使标本髓核突出的轴向载荷。结果轴向载荷500N时,明矾溶液凝固的髓核（3个时间组）与正常椎间盘被压缩的位移无统计学差异;轴向载荷2058N（210kg）时,正常椎间盘髓核可被挤出;轴向载荷2538N（259kg）时,明矾溶液凝固的髓核（1个月）被挤出。结论明矾溶液可使椎间盘髓核产生凝固,凝固髓核的轴向抗压能力略有增强,可达到强化髓核的目的。     

极外型腰椎间盘突出症（附3例报告）

极外型腰椎间盘突出症是指神经根受压于神经根管外侧的椎间管腰椎间盘突出症。临床少见，本组共３例。１例为椎间管外，２例为椎间管内。由于症状与普通根型腰椎间盘突出症相似，术前难以鉴别。具有典型腰椎间盘突出症状。手术探查阴性或突出物不能解释临床症状时，要考虑本症。注意观察神经根走向、敏感度及张力，发现异常则扩大探查。该症要求手术暴露广，椎弓切除范围大，术后是否会出现椎体间不稳，尚待继续观察。     

Lumbar intervertebral herniation. The composition of free sequesters--a morphologic study]

Since 1934 when surgery for lumbar disc herniation was first performed various forms of disc herniation have been described. It is generally accepted that disc herniations can be classified as follows: disc protrusion, disc prolapse, and free sequestration. Histological evaluations of protruded and prolapsed disc have been presented in literature, revealing degenerative changes. No special attention was given to free sequestered disc elements. The aim of this paper was to analyse the frequency of freely sequestered intervertebral disc fragments and to investigate the morphologic nature of sequestered discs. The free sequesters were observed in 15.5% of all operated cases (N = 187). In 16 (55.2%) of these cases the sequester was composed of nucleus pulposus material, in 12 (41.4%) cases end-plate elements were noted and in one case (3.4%) anulus fibrosus elements were found.     

Histological changes in aging lumbar intervertebral discs. Their role in protrusions and prolapses

To study the relationships between the changes due to aging in lumbar intervertebral discs and the development of protrusion or prolapse, we carried out histological studies on operative specimens of thirty-one discs, of which twenty-two had been protruded and nine, prolapsed. The specimens were obtained during twenty-nine operations for herniation of a lumbar intervertebral disc in patients who were sixty years old or older. Changes in the anulus fibrosus were more extensive in the nine prolapsed discs than in the twenty-two protruded discs. Of the nine prolapsed discs, myxomatous degeneration, fibrosis, and swollen anular fibers were found in all nine, and cysts were seen in five. Of the twenty-two protruded discs, only five showed myxomatous degeneration; ten, fibrosis; one, a cyst; and sixteen, swollen fibers. For comparison, we also studied specimens that had been obtained at operation from twenty-one other patients, twenty to fifty-nine years old, who had a prolapsed disc. The anulus showed myxomatous degeneration in all twenty-one specimens, cysts in eight, and fibrosis in ten. In addition, we examined 368 autopsy specimens from people who had been between twenty-five and eighty-five years old at the time of death. In many of the subjects who had died in the sixth decade of life or later, we found that the orientation of the inner fiber bundles of the anulus fibrosus was reversed, so that they bulged inward. The reversal appeared to be the result of myxomatous degeneration of the middle fibers of the anulus, atrophy of the nucleus, and narrowing of the disc space. These histological findings suggest explanations for the predominance of protrusions of the nucleus pulposus in patients who are less than sixty years old and of prolapse of the anulus fibrosus in the few patients who are more than sixty years old who have herniation of an intervertebral disc.     

急性颈椎间盘突出症2例误诊分析

急性颈椎间盘突出症２例误诊分析宋丽华１朱宾２李丹１１内蒙电管局中心医院神经科２放射科０１４０３０内蒙包头市青山区收稿日期：１９９５－１－２６修回日期：１９９５－０３－２０例１，男，５７岁。入院前１ｈ突感头晕，继由１ｍ高处摔下，头部着地，当即昏迷。约３...     

MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症时对神经根变异的探查

目的：观察显微内窥镜下椎间盘切除术（microendoscopic discectomy，MED）治疗腰椎间盘突出症时神经根变异情况，防止出现术中神经根损伤。方法：回顾分析自1999年10月至2003年12月应用MED治疗的腰椎间盘突出症患者724例，其中男452例，女272例。对术中发现存在腰骶神经根变异患者的临床特点及术中所见进行统计分析。结果：724例腰椎间盘突出症患者有37例神经根变异，发生率为5.1％。与术前的临床表现吻合，全部神经根变异患者均在MED下完成手术，无一例出现神经根损伤。结论：仔细探查及分离突出髓核周围神经根发出情况．确定有无神经根变异是防止MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症时发生神经根损伤的重要环节之一。     

椎间失稳致兔椎间盘退变磁共振影像计量分析

目的 :探讨由于椎间失稳诱发的椎间盘退变在磁共振成像 (magneticresonanceimaging ,MRI)中的表现。方法 :选用新西兰兔 15只 ,随机分为手术组 9只、对照组 6只 ,手术组沿L3～ 6棘突作后正中切口 ,剥离骶棘肌和关节突附丽肌肉 ,切除棘上、棘间韧带和关节突关节外后 1/ 2 ;对照组作相同皮肤切口即缝合。所有动物在标准条件下饲养 ,分别于术后 2、 4、 8个月行腰椎MRI检查及髓核信号值测量。结果 :术后 2～ 8个月 ,对照组腰椎未见异常 ,而手术组L3～ 6椎间盘则相继出现T2 加权像低信号、腰椎后凸畸形、T1加权像低信号、椎间盘后突和硬膜囊受压等改变。对手术组手术节段及其邻近节段椎间盘髓核信号值的定量分析显示 ,T2 加权像信号值减低在术后 2、 4、8个月均具有统计学意义 ,而T1加权像信号值减低在术后 8个月具有统计学意义 ;T2 信号值减低主要发生于术后 2个月 ,T1信号值减低发生于术后 8个月。结论 :脊柱失稳可诱发椎间盘退变。髓核T2 加权像低信号是椎间盘退变的早期和先发征象 ,T1加权像显示形态改变较好 ,但T1信号值在退变早期变化不明显。