Sleep positions in children with Down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea

ObjectivesTo assess sleep positions in children with both Down syndrome (DS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and determine if there is a preferred sleep position by severity of apnea.MethodsA single-center retrospective review of patients with both DS and OSA was performed. Caregivers reported sleep position utilized greater than 50% of observed sleep time. Accuracy of this report was confirmed through review of hypnograms from polysomnography studies.ResultsEighty-two patients met inclusion criteria. Median body mass index (BMI) was 26.6 and 56% of patients had a prior tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. The mean obstructive AHI (OAHI) was 25.33 with 90.4% having severe OSA, 9.6% having moderate OSA, and no patients having mild OSA. Reported sleep positions were skewed towards lateral/decubitus (82.9%) compared to prone (11.0%) and supine (6.1%). This was consistent with hypnogram data where 71% of total sleep time in lateral/decubitus positions compared to prone (13%) and supine (6%). The median changes in sleep position per patient was 5 (IQR: 3–6). Lower BMI (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.32–1.13) and tonsillectomy (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 7.7–18.19) were associated with lower OAHI. Sleep position was not associated with age (p = 0.19), sex (p = 0.66), race (p = 0.10), ethnicity (p = 0.68) nor history of tonsillectomy (p = 0.34). Preferred sleep position was not correlated with OAHI (p = 0.78, r = 0.03) or OSA severity (p = 0.72, r = 0.03).ConclusionsThis study highlights the possibility that children with DS may have preferential sleep positions that cater to optimized airflow in the context of OSA although further prospective study is needed.     

The challenges in scoring hypopneas in children: is pulse wave amplitude drop the answer?

BackgroundIdentifying electroencephalogram (EEG) cortical arousals are crucial in scoring hypopneas and respiratory efforts related arousals (RERAs) during a polysomnogram. As children have high arousal threshold, many of the flow limited breaths or hypopneas may not be associated with visual EEG arousals, hence this may lead to potential underestimation of the degree of sleep disordered breathing. Pulse wave amplitude (PWA) is a signal obtained from finger photoplethysmography which correlates directly to finger blood flow. The drop in PWA has been shown to be a sensitive marker for subcortical/autonomic and cortical arousals. Our aim was to use the drop in PWA as a surrogate for arousals to guide scoring of respiratory events in pediatric patients.MethodsTen polysomnograms for patients between the ages of 5–15 years who had obstructive apnea-hypopnea indices between 1 and 5 events/hour were identified. Patients with syndromes were excluded. A drop in PWA signal of at least 30% that lasted for 3 s was needed to identify subcortical/autonomic arousals. Arousals were rescored based on this criteria and subsequently respiratory events were rescored. Paired t-tests were employed to compare PSG indices scored with or without PWA incorporation.ResultsThe sample of 10 children included 2 females, and the average age was 9.8 ± 3.1 years. Overall, polysomnography revealed an average total sleep time of 464.1 ± 25 min, sleep efficiency of 92% +/−4.2, sleep latency of 19.6 ± 17.0 min, rapid eye movement (REM) latency 143 ± 66 min, N1 3.9% +/−2.0, N2 50.3% +/−12.0, N3 28.2% +/−9.1, REM 16.7% +/−4.0, and wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) 18.1 ± 7.5 min. Including arousals from PWA changes, respiratory indices significantly increased including total AHI (2.3 ± 0.7 vs 5.7 ± 2.1, p < 0.001), obstructive AHI (1.45 ± 0.7 vs 4.8 ± 1.8, p < 0.001), and RDI (2.36 ± 0.7 vs 7.6 ± 2.0, p < 0.001). Likewise, total arousal index was significantly higher (8.7 ± 2.3 vs 29.4 ± 6.5, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe drop in pulse wave amplitude signal is a useful marker to guide scoring arousals that are not otherwise easily identified in pediatric polysomnography and subsequently helped in scoring respiratory events that otherwise would not be scored. Further studies are needed to delineate if such methodology would affect clinical outcome.     

脑卒中后阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者口咽部形态学变化及其与功能恢复的相关性

摘要 目的：分析卒中后阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）患者口咽部形态学变化及其与功能恢复之间的相关性,为寻求脑卒中并发OSA的康复治疗措施提供依据。 方法：选取首次发病且病程1个月之内的脑卒中患者39例,排除发病前已确诊OSA的患者,入组患者均行多导睡眠图（PSG）监测、口咽部核MRI检查及各项功能评估,将并发与不并发OSA患者的咽部MRI测量相关指标进行比较,将脑卒中并发OSA患者的咽部测量指标与患者的功能评估指标进行相关分析。 结果：①并发OSA的脑卒中患者腭后距离、舌后距离较不并发OSA者偏小、软腭长度较不并发OSA者偏大,两者相比有显著性差异（P=0.002/0.003/0.019）。②脑卒中并发OSA患者的腭后距离与改良Barthel指数评分呈正相关、与改良Rankin分级呈负相关;舌后距离与患者的NIHSS评分、改良Rankin分级呈负相关,与患者Fugl-Meyer评分、改良Barthel指数评分呈正相关（P＜0.05）。 结论：脑卒中并发OSA患者的口咽部形态学变化（腭后距离及舌后距离偏小）与患者的功能评估间有一定相关性,所以改善脑卒中后OSA患者口咽部形态学的变化有利于患者的功能恢复。     

氧减延迟时间在评价OSAHS的作用

目的探讨氧减延迟时间在评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的作用。方法回顾2008年1-2013年10月已经确诊OSAHS患者80例，分为中青年组（40例）和老年组（40例），每组再按病情的严重程度，分为单纯打鼾组，轻度OSAHS组、中度OSAHS组和重度OSAHS组，每组均为10例，记录各组氧减延迟时间。结果中青年组的单纯打鼾组、轻度OSAHS组、中度OSAHS组和重度OSAHS组的平均氧减延迟时间分为为44．47±17．43s、32．08±15．12s、30．46±5．70s、27．57±13．70s；正常组与其他组别，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05），而轻度、中度、重度组间两两比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）．但是发现随着严重程度，平均氧减延迟时间逐渐在缩短。老年组的单纯打鼾组、轻度OSAHS组、中度OSAHS组和重度OSAHS组的平均氧减延迟时间分为为45．47±14．43s、37．08±15．42s、36．41±12．70s、43．52±14．70s；正常组与轻度及中度组，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05），与重度组无统计学差异；而重度组与轻度、中度组两两比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。而中青年组与老年组的不同组别氧减延迟时间的比较，单纯打鼾组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），而轻度、中度、重度组间两两比较均有统计学差异（P〈0．05），显示老年组氧减延迟时间要比中青年组时间要明显延长。结论氧减延迟时间则反应了个体在睡眠过程中的血氧变化对睡眠呼吸事件的敏感性及与血氧饱和度变化的时间关系；提示氧减延迟时间对评价OSAHS患者病情有一定意义。     

帕金森病睡眠障碍患者的血浆orexin A浓度变化及其影响因素分析

目的:探讨帕金森病(PD)睡眠障碍患者的血浆orexin A浓度变化,分析其可能影响因素.方法:采用UPDRS-Ⅲ评分、用药调查表、多项睡眠图(PSG)监测及次日多次睡眠潜伏期试验分别对25例PD患者的疾病严重程度、多巴胺能药物应用、睡眠结构、平均睡眠潜伏期等情况进行评定和计算;使用放射免疫分析法对25例临床确诊的PD患者和20例无明显中枢神经系统(CNS)疾病的对照组进行血浆orexin A浓度测定;分析PD患者血浆orexin A浓度与其睡眠结构、平均睡眠潜伏期、服用多巴胺能药物剂量间的相关性.结果:PD组中25例患者的血浆orexin A浓度[(7.72±3.44) pg/ml]和20例对照组的血浆orexin A浓度[(6.04±3.22) pg/ml]比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.669,P＞0.05);PD伴眼快动睡眠期精神行为障碍(RBD)组12例的血浆orexin A浓度[(6.93±2.67)pg/ml]和PD不伴RBD组的13例血浆orexin A浓度[(8.45±3.99)pg/ml]比较差异无统计学意义(t=-1.108,P＞0.05);PD伴SAHS组12例的血浆orexin A浓度[(7.40±3.56)pg/ml]和PD不伴SAHS组13例的血浆orexin A浓度[(8.01±3.44)pg/ml]比较差异无统计学意义(t=-0.433,P＞0.05);多元逐步线性回归分析显示PD患者的血浆orexin A浓度与平均睡眠潜伏期(β=-0.382,95％ CI:-0.708～-0.056)、左旋多巴日等效剂量(β=-0.011,95％ CI:-0.018～-0.004)呈负相关(t=-2.433、-3.132,P＜0.05).结论:PD患者血浆orexin A浓度变化受多巴胺能药物剂量及日间平均睡眠潜伏期的影响.     

对比分析老年与中青年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床特点

目的通过与中青年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者比较,探讨老年OSAHS患者的临床特点。方法随机选取161例OSAHS患者,按年龄分为老年组(≥60岁,n=72)与中青年对照组(23~59岁,n=89),对两组临床资料、睡眠多导图结果进行对比分析,并随访比较两组治疗方式的选择。结果老年OSAHS组睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)及最低氧饱和度、氧减饱和指数(ODI)较体质量指数相匹配的中青年组轻(P0.05)。老年OSAHS组的醒后收缩压高于中青年组,但其醒后舒张压、心率均低于中青年组(P0.05)。老年OSAHS醒后血压与AHI、ODI、微觉醒指数呈正相关。老年组选择外科手术及口腔矫治器的治疗率明显低于中青年组(P0.01),而选择持续气道正压通气治疗的比例两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年OSAHS严重程度明显较中青年组轻。AHI、反复低氧及反复微觉醒可能与老年人醒后血压升高有关。老年OSAHS外科手术及口腔矫治器选择率低于中青年组。     

Investigation and Treatment of Ovulatory Failure

After gonadal dysgenesis or developmental failure have been ruled out and therapy initiated for secondary amenorrhea in appropriate cases, there remains a group of women in whom measures to overcome infertility can be undertaken with reasonable expectation of success. The first need is to determine if ovulation is occurring; if it is not, a variety of means is now available to induce it.     

Application of Telemedicine to Sleep Medicine

Polysomnograms (PSGs) in specialized sleep centers with physicians and technicians trained in sleep medicine are still considered to be the most accurate form of diagnosis in patients with sleep disorders. But they are also very costly. Internet online transfer of PSGs from nonstaffed to very well-staffed sleep centers might be a solution in the future to reduce costs.     

在多导睡眠图检查中给予失眠患者短效催眠药的意义

目的:减少在临床多导睡眠图(PSG)检查中入睡频繁觉醒(如首夜效应)的干扰,进而提高PSG检查效率和实际快速眼球运动(REM)潜伏期检出率的有效辅助诊断方法. 方法:对30例失眠症患者先后进行2次多导睡眠图检查(异地间隔10 d),第2次监测在入睡前给予短效催眠药多美康7.5 mg,对比前后2次PSG监测睡眠结构参数、第Ⅰ睡眠周期觉醒次数、首夜效应以及与临床诊断符合情况. 结果:多美康(Dormicum)可明显缩短入睡潜伏期(44±73) min vs (13±12) min, P<0.01, 减少第Ⅰ睡眠周期醒觉次数4.6±3.4 vs 2.0±2.7, P<0.01,缩短REM潜伏期(RSL)(180±82) min vs (124±55) min, P<0.01;服用多美康后, 受首夜效应干扰的患者例数由23例减为5例;完全无觉醒干扰出现RSL由2例增加至11例,其中RSL<80 min 4例、>120 min 3例和90～120 min 5例,结合临床分别符合抑郁性失眠(抑郁症或心境恶劣)、脑部器质性疾病和心理生理性失眠的诊断;RSL符合临床诊断例数由12例增加至26例. 结论:入睡前口服短效催眠药多美康,可有效的减少PSG检查中频繁觉醒的干扰,提高PSG检查效率和临床利用价值,适用于因频繁觉醒干扰而无法入睡的进行PSG检查的患者.