口咽肌训练治疗卒中并发中度梗阻性呼吸睡眠暂停低通气综合征的疗效观察

目的 观察口咽肌训练治疗卒中后中度梗阻性呼吸睡眠暂停低通气综合征（OSAS）的疗效。 方法 采用随机数法将50例卒中后并发OSAS患者分为观察组及对照组。2组患者均给予对症处理及常规康复训练,观察组在此基础上辅以口咽肌训练,每天治疗2次,每次治疗20 min,对照组则辅以同疗程深呼吸训练。于治疗前、治疗6周后进行疗效评定,包括采用多导睡眠监测（PSG）患者睡眠时呼吸及血氧饱和度,采用匹兹堡睡眠治疗量指数（PSQI）评价患者睡眠习惯及睡眠质量,采用斯坦福嗜睡自评量表（SSS）评价患者嗜睡情况;采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表评价患者运动能力,采用Barthel指数评价患者日常生活活动能力,采用简易精神状态量表（MMSE）评价患者认知能力;采用咽部核磁共振测量患者咽部形态学改变,并将咽部形态学测量结果与训练时长进行相关性分析。 结果 口咽肌训练可显著改善卒中后伴OSAS患者呼吸紊乱指数、最低血氧饱和度及鼾声指数,提高患者睡眠质量及缓解日间嗜睡情况;同时还能提高患者肢体运动功能及日常生活活动能力,但对患者认知功能无明显改善作用（P>0.05）;MRI测量数据显示,口咽肌训练可明显增加患者软腭后距离,缩短软腭长度（均P<0.05）,并且软腭后距离与训练时长呈正相关,软腭长度与训练时长呈负相关。 结论 口咽肌训练可能通过改善脑卒中并发OSAS患者口咽部形态减轻睡眠呼吸梗阻,从而改善睡眠质量,提高运动功能及日常生活活动能力,有望为此类患者康复干预提供一种无创性治疗手段。     

脑卒中肢体沉重感现状及其与卒中后疲劳、肌力的相关性

目的探讨脑卒中肢体沉重感情况,分析其与卒中后疲劳和肌力的相关性。方法选取2017年9月至2019年9月本院收治的脑卒中患者80例,将其中无肢体沉重感的48例患者设为对照组;有肢体沉重感32例患者设为试验组,采用改良Rankin量表、改良Barthel量表及疲劳严重度量表(FSS)评估患者沉重感现况,肌力、疲劳及功能现状;采用Pearson相关性分析法,分析肢体沉重感与卒中后疲劳和肌力的相关性。结果试验组患侧上肢肌力、患侧下肢肌力、改良Rankin与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05);试验组改良Barthel评分、FSS评分明显高于对照组(P 0. 05);脑卒中肢体沉重感与其卒中后疲劳呈正相关(P 0. 05),且与肌力无明显关系(P 0. 05)。结论肢体沉重在脑卒患者中具有较高的发生率,肌力与肢体沉重无相关性,但肢体沉重与卒中后疲劳呈正相关。     

超敏C反应蛋白、同型半胱氨酸与脑卒中严重程度及日常生活活动能力相关性分析

目的：探讨血清超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）与脑卒中严重程度、转归及ADL能力的相关性。方法：129例脑卒中患者（卒中组）应用乳胶增强散色比浊法测定发病≤24 h、30 d及6个月时血清hs-CRP及Hcy水平,并与97例正常人（对照组）比较。应用美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分（NIH stroke scale,NIHSS）检测卒中组患者神经功能缺损程度;Barthel指数（BI）评分评定ADL能力;6个月应用改良Rankin评分评定神经功能缺损程度及转归。结果：卒中组在发病≤24 h及30 d时与对照组比较,hs-CRP及Hcy均显著升高;与NIHSS及BI呈正相关（P〈0.01）。发病6个月后卒中组hs-CRP及Hcy与Rankin评分仍呈正相关（P〈0.05）,其他指标无统计学意义。结论：测定发病时血清中hs-CRP及Hcy水平可反映脑卒中神经功能受损的严重程度,对患者ADL预后及病情转归的预测有重要的临床价值。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与脑卒中相关性的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)可以增加脑卒中风险,脑卒中患者也易于并发OSA。高龄、高体质量指数、男性、高血压和糖尿病为OSA患者并发脑卒中的危险因素,严重的睡眠呼吸暂停与脑卒中后神经功能不良预后相关。OSA后内皮功能紊乱、神经调节异常、代谢异常、脑血流动力学改变、高凝状态等多种病理生理机制可能导致脑卒中。持续正压通气(CPAP)是中重度OSA患者的标准治疗方法,但尚不能证实CPAP可降低OSA患者发生包括脑卒中在内的心血管事件的风险。     

115例急性脑卒中患者标准吞咽功能评估

目的探讨急性脑卒中患者吞咽困难的发生率、危险因素及其对预后的影响.方法对115例急性脑卒中患者在入院24 h内进行标准吞咽功能评估,了解有无吞咽困难;在住院期间行头部CT或MRI检查判定病变部位,以发病3个月和6个月时改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分作为卒中预后指标,分别对影响脑卒中患者吞咽功能和预后的危险因素进行多元Logistic回归分析.结果卒中后吞咽困难发生率为62.6%,不同病变部位之间无显著性差异（P=0.212）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,入院时NIH-SS评分是卒中后吞咽困难的独立危险因素（OR=5.841,95%CI：1.562～21.837）,吞咽困难是3个月时卒中预后不良（mRS 3～6分）的独立危险因素（OR=5.570,95%CI：1.052～29.496）,但未显示其对6个月预后有显著性意义.结论吞咽困难是脑卒中急性期的常见问题,也是3个月预后的独立预测指标;入院时NIHSS评分是卒中后吞咽困难的独立危险因素.     

综合吞咽干预对脑卒中后阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停合并吞咽障碍患者影响的分析

目的:分析综合吞咽干预能否改善脑卒中后阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)合并吞咽障碍患者的功能。方法:共有40例脑卒中后OSA患者纳入本研究,其中男性32例,女性8例,采用随机数字表法将其分为试验组(n=20)及对照组(n=20)。两组患者均接受吞咽护理,试验组在此基础进行综合吞咽干预(包括吞咽训练、神经肌肉电刺激治疗和发声训练)。分别在干预前、干预4周时对这些患者进行评定。使用多导睡眠监测仪(PSG)诊断脑卒中患者是否患有OSA并评价其严重程度;使用洼田饮水试验、Gugging吞咽功能评估(GUSS)、吞咽造影检查(VFSS)评价患者是否有吞咽障碍及其严重程度。结果:干预4周后试验组GUSS、VFSS评分较前提高,差异具有显著性意义(P0.01;P0.05),但对照组GUSS、VFSS评分无明显提高,差异无显著性意义(P0.05);干预4周后试验组AHI、ODI、平均Sa O2较前均明显改善,差异具有显著性意义(P0.01,P0.05,P0.01),但对照组各项指标均无明显改善,差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:综合吞咽干预不仅能够改善脑卒中后吞咽障碍,还能改善脑卒中后OSA。     

体针联合PNF疗法早期干预对改善脑卒中后肢体运动功能障碍的疗效观察

目的探讨体针联合本体感觉神经肌肉促进技术（PNF）疗法早期干预对改善脑卒中后肢体运动功能障碍的疗效。方法对72例急性期脑卒中后有肢体运动功能障碍患者随机分为体针联合PNF疗法组（早期干预组）和Bobath疗法组（对照组）,对脑卒中后肢体运动功能障碍患者分别进行治疗。在治疗前和治疗4周后采用Fugl—Meyer运动功能评定法进行评定,日常生活活动能力（ADL）评定采用改良Barthel指数。结果两组患者在治疗前Fugl—Mey-er运动功能及改良Barthel指数日常生活活动能力（ADL）评分均差异无显著性（P〉0．05）两组患者经过4周治疗后Fugl—Meyer运动功能及改良Barthel指数日常生活活动能力（ADL）评分比较均有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论体针联合PNF疗法组对脑卒中后有肢体运动功能障碍患者进行早期干预更能明显提高患者的运动功能,可更有效地防止并发症及废用综合征的形成。     

急性脑卒中后睡眠障碍及相关因素研究

【目的】探讨急性脑卒中患者的睡眠障碍情况及其影响因素。【方法】采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷（PSQI）、神经功能缺损程度评分（NDS）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）对298例急性脑卒中住院患者进行调查【结果】脑卒中急性期睡眠障碍发生率为45．97％;对患者不同性别、年龄、卒中部位、NDS和HAMD评分等方面进行比较,睡眠障碍发生率的差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。【结论】急性脑卒中后患者睡眠障碍的发生率较高,与患者年龄、性别、卒中部位、神经功能缺损程度及抑郁状态等因素相关。临床工作中应积极改善睡眠以提高患者生活质量。     

OSAHS不同呼吸时相上气道变化的多层螺旋CT评价

目的：评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者不同呼吸时相时,上气道相关径线的变化并分析其与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）的相关性,以了解OSAHS患者上气道动态变化的特点。材料和方法：应用16层螺旋CT分别对45例OSAHS患者及11例健康对照者进行吸气和呼气状态下的上气道扫描,测量腭后区、舌后区最小面积层的轴面积、前后径、左右径、后壁;测量软腭悬雍垂长径、软腭厚度及冠状位曲面重组图像的最厚左、右侧壁,并与多导睡眠监测（PSG）结果进行相关分析。结果：①无论吸气还是呼气,OSAHS患者腭后区和舌后区最小面积层,除前后径外,左右径、面积、后壁以及软腭长度、厚度、咽腔侧壁厚度与正常人都存在统计学差异。患者组和对照组上气道所测量各径线的均值变化趋势一致。患者组腭后区的左右径,呼气时相较吸气时相的减小有统计学意义,P〈0.05。对照组的变化没有统计学意义。患者组软腭长度在呼气时较吸气时缩短有统计学意义,P〈0.001;②呼气时相的腭后区最小面积层轴面积、前后径、左右径与AHI呈负相关。结论：在不同的呼吸时相中,OSAHS患者及正常人上气道均存在相同的动态变化,而OSAHS患者在呼气相中,咽侧壁顺应性更明显。CT评估上气道时,在呼气时相更为合适。舌后区的动态变化不同于腭后区,二者应分别评价。     

卒中单元早期康复治疗对偏瘫患者功能恢复的影响

目的：研究卒中单元病房早期康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者功能恢复的影响。方法：将研究对象分为卒中单元康复组318例,普通病房对照组172例,均采用常规药物治疗,卒中单元康复组早期制定标准化操作程序,给予规范的综合康复治疗。两组患者治疗前后均采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）,简式Fugl-Meyer运动量表（FMMS）,改良Barthel指数（BI）进行评定,同时比较平均住院时间。 结果：入院两组患者NIHSS、FMMS、BI评分无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,治疗后卒中单元康复组NIHSS评分明显低于对照组(P＜0.001),FMMS评分明显高于对照组(P＜0.001),BI评分明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),平均住院时间明显短于普通病房对照组(P＜0.05)。结论：卒中单元病房早期康复治疗能明显改善脑卒中患者的运动功能及日常生活活动能力,缩短病程,提高生存质量。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.