Status of Women and Infants in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies

Women and children bear the greatest burden in the midst of war and long‐term disasters. Complex humanitarian emergencies are characterized by social disruption, armed conflict, population displacement, collapse of public health infrastructure, and food shortages. Humanitarian assistance for refugees and internally displaced populations requires particular attention to the common issues affecting morbidity and mortality in women and infants. Gender‐based violence and reproductive health concerns are discussed within the context of populations affected by conflict and forced migration. Recommendations for midwives and women's health care providers engaging in care for women and children in complex humanitarian emergencies are discussed.     

Contraception and sexually transmitted diseases: Interactions and opportunities

Today "safe sex" means protection from both unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus. These parallel complications of sexual activity have serious biologic and clinical sequelae that should be considered at the time of contraceptive selection. In addition, there is ongoing debate regarding potential interactions between antibiotic intervention and contraceptive steroids. This article assesses the impact of hormonal contraception, spermicides, barrier methods, intrauterine devices, and douching on the pathogenesis of sexually transmitted disease and the human immunodeficiency virus infection. It discusses the direct and indirect effects of contraception methods on clinical physiology and host immune responses while also considering the possible consequences on maternal and infant health if pregnancy results from the use of ineffective contraception. Counseling and care for both family planning and infectious disease protection must be provided to all sexually active individuals. (Ann J OBSTET GVNECOL 1993;168:2033-41.)     

ENDOSCOPIC PANCREATIC STENTING IN CHRONIC PANCREATITIS WITH DUCTAL DILATION PROXIMAL TO A STRICTURE: A SAFE and EFFECTIVE PROTOCOL

After removal of intraductal stones, a 10‐Fr or 7‐Fr pancreatic stent was placed in 16 patients with upstream ductal dilation proximal to a stricture of the main pancreatic duct. Stents were removed after a mean duration of 52.5 days. Nine patients underwent repeated stenting. About one year after removal of the initial stent, when the remaining upstream ductal dilation was found on follow‐up pancreatograms, the next stent was replaced. Repeated stenting improved outflow of pancreatic juice more effectively than one‐time stenting. Correlation between long‐term pain relief without recurrence of intraductal stones and reduction of duct diameter was also shown. Stent occlusion was observed in 14 of 30 stents. Stent occlusion was frequently associated with recurrence of pancreatitis and intraductal stones, and was also associated with morphologic changes in the pancreatic ductal system. Although there were no significant differences between stent patency of the initial stents and that of the next stents, stent patency of 10‐Fr stents was superior to that of 7‐Fr stents. 10‐Fr stents should be removed within 8 weeks and 7‐Fr stents should be removed within 4 weeks for the prevention of stent occlusion. Repeated stenting with short‐term stenting is therefore considered a safe and effective protocol of endoscopic pancreatic stenting.     

The Fort McMurray demonstration project in social marketing: health- and safety-related behaviour among oil sands workers

This is the first round in a series of surveys conducted inFort McMurray as part of the Fort McMurray Demonstration Projectin social marketing. This component of the survey was intendedto focus on the most prominent group of employed workers inthe community and to compare their patterns of response withthe community as a whole. Respondents to the survey were overwhelminglymale (96%), married (72.9%) and living in households of twoto five persons (87.9%). They were predominantly aged 30–44(55%) and graduates of high school (53.5%). Younger male workers(below age 30) were more likely to have a high school diploma(78.3%) or some additional technical or vocational training(21.7% compared to 12.5% overall) and to be unmarried or separated.Attitudes toward safety-related behaviours were stronger thanfor respondents from the community as a whole. Approximately70–100% of all age groups and both sexes showed strongagreement with attitudes involving child car seats and the unacceptabilityof drinking and driving. These attitudes include strong advocacyof vigorous enforcement of occupational health and safety standards.However, they showed a variability similar to the communityas a whole in behaviour at home compared to work, generallyreporting more consistent use of personal protection on thejob than in their own homes, particularly hearing protection.Even so, they were much less likely to perform stretching andwarm-up exercises prior to exertion than community residentsin general. The potential may exist to transfer the technologyand attitudes from workplace health and safety to communitysafety. One possible strategy to accomplish this is to involveworkers in this industry directly in community initiatives.This strategy may be generalizable to any community in whichthere are major employers who place a heavy emphasis on riskcontrol and occupational health and safety.     

枢椎侧弓螺钉安全钉道的判定与测量

目的:利用Unigraphics(UG)三维重建技术寻找枢椎侧弓螺钉安全钉道的经过,并进行相关参数的测量.方法:对4例干燥和8例新鲜枢椎行CT扫描, UG软件重建虚拟实体,利用3.5 mm虚拟螺钉模拟进钉,寻找安全钉道经过的特征标记点.以此为基础,测定57例干燥枢椎安全钉道的内倾角与上倾角(AutoCAD环境)及进针点距峡部及下关节突外缘的距离(手工测量).结果:模拟发现横断面安全钉道经过前弓中宽后界的内中1/3交界与中宽前界的外中1/3交界,矢状面经过前弓中宽后界中部及前界中宽与上关节突下界交界处.对另57例干燥标本进行测量发现安全钉道的内倾角为左/右＝(10.94±6.53)°/(11.95±2.82)°,上倾角为(13.31±5.44)°/(14.45±3.80)°,在大多数标本椎板后下方有一突起的骨嵴 (左/右＝84.2%/84.98%) ,进针点多位于这一骨嵴线上(左/右＝87.5%/84.9%).进针点距离下关节外侧缘左/右＝(6.71±1.33)mm/(6.28±1.48)mm,距离后弓左/右＝(9.93±1.38)mm/(8.47±1.70)mm.个体间差异较大.结论:侧方椎弓螺钉固定的安全钉道在横断面经过横突孔区域(侧弓前份)中宽后界的内中1/3交界与中宽前界的外中1/3交界,矢状面经过后方中宽中部及前方中宽与关节突下界交界处,不同侧别间及不同个体间有明显差别.     

中药肾毒性成分及其毒性机制研究进展

近年来,随着我国医药产业的稳步发展,中药作为补充和替代医学制剂在世界各地赢得了认可和信赖。然而,随着对中药的广泛应用和深入研究,中药的肾脏毒性引发了国内外学者的广泛关注。为保障中药临床应用的安全性,有必要深入研究并整理中药肾毒性成分及其毒性机制。在查阅近30年国内外常见中药肾毒性相关文献的基础上,对中药肾毒性成分及其毒性机制进行了总结与分析,以期为中药肾毒性深入研究提供思路,为中药安全合理应用提供参考。     

仙附,芪地强心口服液治疗老年人慢性心功能不全

目的：寻求老年人心功能不全有效、安全的治法方药。方法：用仙附、芪地强心口服液与巯甲丙脯酸对照治疗老年心功能不全,观察心脏功能和血浆血管活性肽、临床症状、体征及药物安全性。结果：仙附、芪地强心口服液和巯甲丙脯酸治疗心功能不全总有效率分别为８７．５％（２８／３２）、９０．３％（２８／３１）、９０．６％（２９／３２）,三者差别无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）;在临床近期治愈率方面,分别为４３．８％（１４／３２）、５１．６（１６／３１）、２５．０％（８／３２）,芪地组优于巯甲丙脯酸对照组;对改善患者临床症状、体征、心脏功能和血浆血管活性肽指标等方面都显示明显效果。结论：老年人心功能不全可以益气养阴、温阳治本、活血利水治标为基本大法,仙附、芪地强心口服液是治疗本病的安全有效方药     

上海市伤害现状及其社区防制策略

随着疾病谱的改变，伤害严重威胁着上海市民的健康和生命质量，不仅使个人身心痛苦，也造成巨大的家庭负担、医疗支出和社会代价，已经成为21世纪上海一个重要的公共卫生问题。由于各国或各地区的经济发展水平和文化背景的差异，存在着不同的伤害防制策略的选择。伤害的有效干预和控制过程是一项涉及多学科协作、多部门参与的社会系统工程。上海作为国际化大都市，积极提倡和推行安全社区，与国际接轨，是防制伤害的一个有效选择。本文结合对上海市伤害谱的描述，对社区伤害防制的原则、策略的选择进行了探讨。     

美国的医疗差错报告制度及借鉴意义

准确掌握和统计医疗差错信息,对促进医疗安全有着积极意义.简要地回顾了美国医疗差错报告制度实行的概况,希望对促进我国医疗事故报告制度的建设有所借鉴.     

对当前大学生安全意识的调查与思考——以浙江省下沙高教园区学生为例

良好的安全意识是保证安全行为的前提。提高大学生的安全意识，对于创建“平安校园”意义重大。以浙江省下沙高教园区的学生为研究对象，通过问卷调查和学生访谈，对当前大学生安全意识的现状进行分析，并就存在的问题提出相应对策。