神经外科导航辅助神经内镜透明隔囊肿造瘘手术前后护理

目的总结神经外科导航辅助硬质内镜进行透明隔囊肿造瘘术的围手术期护理特点,提高专科护理质量。方法回顾性分析1998年4月至2006年4月,在我科进行神经外科导航下,应用Storz硬质内镜进行透明隔囊壁造瘘术13例,针对透明隔囊肿的形成,症状体征的产生原理,手术方法,及其手术特点,给予有针对性的围手术期重点护理。结果13例手术病人取得满意疗效,术后未出现护理缺陷,无心理障碍发生,无切口感染,无护理并发症。结论神经外科导航下,应用内镜行透明隔囊肿造瘘术前术后护理,可以帮助病人树立战胜疾病信心,自如应对复杂手术程序,减少术后并发症的发生。     

The role of different imaging modalities: is MRI a conditio sine qua non for ETV?

Objective To describe the different imaging modalities used for the diagnosis and classification of hydrocephalus, their role in defining the optimal treatment of hydrocephalus and to define the optimal preoperative diagnostics for endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomy (ETV). Methods An overview on available imaging modalities for hydrocephalus will be given and their pros and cons discussed. In addition, different aspects of the treatment of hydrocephalus by shunts and by ETV will be highlighted. Discussion The role of the technical aspects of performing an ETV, the role of the surgeon’s philosophy, the role of the urgency of the procedure, and the role of informed consent on the requirements for the imaging of the hydrocephalus will be discussed. Conclusion The authors conclude that MRI is a conditio sine qua non for ETV in elective surgical cases.     

软性神经内镜在神经外科手术中的应用

目的探讨软性神经内镜在神经外科的应用价值。方法应用光学纤维神经内镜和电子软性神经内镜,配合软性内镜专用手术器械单独或辅助显微外科手术治疗各种神经外科疾病228例。结果对63例慢性硬膜下血肿采用内镜下单纯钻孔冲洗术治疗,除早期1例术后血肿复发接受2次手术外,其余患者均一次治愈。10例侧脑室及三脑室后部肿瘤患者采用内镜下肿瘤活检、全切或部分切除,有8例明确病理诊断后改用其他治疗方式治疗。78例梗阻性脑积水患者在内镜下进行第三脑室底造瘘术,所有患者均获得成功造瘘,无1例造成副损伤。对19例因脑脊液吸收障碍导致的脑积水患者进行脉络丛烧灼术,其中13例仅单纯行脉络丛烧灼术,除1例单纯烧灼后颅压下降不明显、术后2周再行脑室-腹腔分流外,其余均获得满意疗效。内镜下打通脑室内多发分隔(感染或出血后)配合透明隔造瘘3例,均获成功。内镜下治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿16例,手术效果满意。此外,完成内镜辅助下手术39例,效果满意。结论软性神经内镜有其独特的应用优势,和硬性神经内镜配合使用可以大大提高神经内镜在神经外科微创手术中的应用范围,值得推广。     

完全神经内镜下经Poppen锁孔入路松果体区手术的应用解剖学研究

目的 解剖观察完全神经内镜下经Poppen锁孔入路开颅松果体区手术的相关解剖结构及其特征,并探讨该术式的可行性。方法 选取12具经10%甲醛固定、红蓝乳胶灌注的成人尸头湿标本进行实验观察,其中男7例、女5例,年龄34~71岁。应用随机数字表法将12具标本随机分为内镜组和显微组,每组6具,分别采用完全神经内镜Poppen锁孔入路和显微镜常规Poppen入路进行模拟开颅手术松果体区手术。模拟手术中,利用神经导航对松果体区以及手术间隙进行观察测量：（1）观察2组松果体区重要解剖结构;（2）内镜组术中,于剪开小脑幕前后,分别测量松果体区暴露面积,并采用配对t检验进行比较;（3）内镜组与显微镜组术中,分别测量第1、2、3手术间隙的暴露面积,并采用独立样本t检验进行组间比较;（4）其他重要解剖结构间距的神经内镜测量。结果 （1）2种入路均可观察到双侧基底静脉、小脑中脑裂静脉、大脑内静脉、大脑后动脉、小脑上动脉等重要血管,以及滑车神经、四叠体、胼胝体压部和松果体等重要解剖结构,但显微镜常规Poppen入路的手术通道狭窄、倾斜,视野局限。（2）内镜组模拟手术中,剪开小脑幕前后松果体区显露面积分别为（73.14±3.38）mm²和（127.77±7.90）mm²,剪开后明显大于剪开前,差异有统计学意义（t=28.84,P<0.001）。（3）内镜组和显微镜组模拟手术中,第1、2、3手术间隙的暴露面积分别为（20.93±2.49）mm²、（72.55±4.18）mm²、（208.57±11.79）mm²和（9.12±1.12）mm²、（53.45±3.17）mm²、（175.29±9.98）mm²,内镜组均大于显微镜组,差异均有统计学意义（t=14.92、12.61、7.41,P值均<0.001）。（4）神经内镜测量显示：双侧基底静脉最大距离为（14.41±0.94）mm,双侧小脑中脑裂静脉最大距离为（8.23±0.84）mm,双侧大脑内静脉最大距离为（8.41±0.96）mm,双侧大脑内静脉最小距离（第1间隙最窄长度）为（2.58±0.22）mm,松果体中心点至丘脑枕部中心点距离为（16.83±1.16）mm。结论 完全神经内镜下经Poppen锁孔入路模拟手术中间隙恒定,可安全到达松果体区;与显微镜常规Poppen入路相比,完全神经内镜Poppen锁孔入路的手术操作空间更大,松果体区显露得更充分。     

Endoscopic assisted craniotomy for resection of fourth ventricular lesions and confirmation of aqueductal patency via a suboccipital median aperture approach

Adequate exposure to fourth ventricular (4V) lesions located adjacent to the cerebral aqueduct and superior medullary velum often mandates extensive telovelar dissection. We assessed the utility of endoscopic assistance via a median aperture approach during suboccipital resection of 4V lesions. We retrospectively reviewed a series of nine patients who underwent suboccipital resection of a 4V lesion via an endoscopic-assisted median aperture approach from 2011 to 2018. Our series included the following pathology: ependymoma (2), rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors (2), pilocytic astrocytoma (1), metastatic melanoma (1), epidermoid cyst (1), organized hematoma (1), and neurocysticercosis (1). Preoperative symptoms included headache (n = 8, 88.9%), nausea (n = 5, 55.6%), vomiting, dizziness, and gait disturbance (n = 4 each, 44.5%). In four cases, the endoscope was used for the majority of the resection or to resect additional tumor located rostrally in the 4V following maximal microscopic resection. In five patients, it was used to confirm extent of resection and patency of the cerebral aqueduct. Gross total resection was achieved in five patients (55.6%). No postoperative complications were attributed to use of the endoscope for additional resection. No patients required immediate CSF diversion, and one patient underwent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion over one year after initial biopsy/fenestration due to tumor progression. Our series is the first to demonstrate the utility of angled endoscopic assistance via a median aperture approach during microsurgical approaches for a variety of 4V lesions. Confirmation of patency of the cerebral aqueduct may help avoid requirements for CSF diversion.     

Idiopathic bilateral occlusion of the foramen of Monro: An unusual entity with varied clinical presentations

We review our experience with four patients who presented to our Medical Center from 2005–2015 with adult idiopathic occlusion of the foramen of Monro (FM). All patients underwent CT scanning and MRI. Standard MRI was performed in each patient to rule out a secondary cause of obstruction (T1-weighted without- and with gadolinium, T2-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery [FLAIR] and diffusion-weighted imaging [DWI] protocols). When occlusion of the FM appeared to be idiopathic, further high-resolution MRI with multiplanar reconstructions for evaluation of stenosis or an occluding membrane at the level of the FM was performed (T1-weighted without- and with gadolinium, T2-weighted 3D turbo spin-echo). Occlusion of the FM was due to unilateral stenosis and septum pellucidum deviation in two patients, to an occluding membrane in one, and to bilateral stenosis in one patient. Urgent surgical intervention is mandatory when there are signs of increased intracranial pressure while asymptomatic patients may be managed conservatively. In this patient series, truly bilateral stenotic obstruction of the FM was best managed with ventriculoperitoneal shunt and patients with membranous obstruction or unilateral stenosis with septum deviation were treated endoscopically.     

Neuroendoscopy in microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm: Technical note

Abstract

Miocrovascular decompression is an effective treatment for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and hemifacial spasm (HFS). A complete cure cannot be obtained, and additional adjuncts for extended use of endoscopy are needed. The use of an endoscope combined with the operating microscope can enhance the surgeon’s ability to view deep structures during operation. We study the application of combined microsurgical and endoscopic techniques in 21 cases of HFS and 12 cases of TN. With these techniques the surgeon can explore the ventral aspect of the brainstem and cranial nerves without further retraction, can see the groove caused by compression of the offending artery, and can confirm the proper position of the prosthesis after attachment to the dura by fibrin glue. In HFS the most common offending vessels in 75% of cases were the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) and anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and in 25% of cases the vertebral artery (VA). In trigeminal neuralgia the offending vessel in 60% of cases was the superior cerebellar artery (SCA), and in 40% of cases the AICA. The overall success rate was 97% with minimal morbidity 3% (facial palsy) and no mortality. The aim of this work is to study advantages and disadvantages of using endoscopy during microvascular decompression for TN and HFS. [Neural Res 2000; 22: 522-526]     

经冠状缝-额中回入路神经内镜手术治疗高血压性基底节区出血的标准化流程分析

目的 总结一种简单实施、有效的、标准的经冠状缝-额中回入路神经内镜手术治疗高血压性基底节区出血的标准化流程。方法 回顾性分析2019年4月至2021年4月按统一标准实施的经冠状缝-额中回入路神经内镜手术治疗的48例高血压性基底节区出血的临床资料。术中未使用神经导航及3D-slicer等软件辅助定位。结果 术后24 h内复查头CT显示残余血肿量中位数为2.4（1.1~3.9）ml;血肿清除率中位数为94.0%（90.0%~98.0%）。无术后再出血。出院时GCS评分中位数为13（11~14）分。术后随访6~30个月（中位数15个月）,mRS评分0~2分35例,3~4分10例,5~6分3例。结论 神经内镜下经冠状缝-额中回入路手术治疗高血压性基底节区出血是一种简单易行的手术方式,无需神经导航及3D-slicer等软件辅助定位,可以取得良好的手术效果。     

内镜辅助半椎板入路下椎管内肿瘤手术治疗的临床疗效观察

目的 分析椎管内肿瘤患者在神经内镜下行肿瘤切除术的疗效及并发症,总结内镜下椎管内肿瘤手术的治疗体会.方法 回顾性分析山西省人民医院神经外科2008年1月-2015年9月收治的24例椎管内肿瘤患者的病例资料,术前经MRI检查均确诊为椎管内占位,应用神经内镜行肿瘤切除手术治疗,术后对患者进行长期随访,观察疗效与并发症.结果 全部患者术后症状均有不同程度的改善,感觉障碍程度减轻,肢体肌力增强,神经电生理学损害减轻.术后未见严重并发症出现.24例患者中,肿瘤全切除17例,大部分切除7例.伴有脊髓栓系者术中同时行栓系松解术.结论 内镜辅助半椎板入路椎管内肿瘤切除术,对周围结构损伤轻微,对脊椎解剖结构影响小,方法可行,疗效明确,定位准确,且术后恢复快,是一种新型、安全、有效的手术途径.