胸部爆震伤致兔急性呼吸窘迫综合征模型的建立及相关因素分析

目的 构建室内胸部爆震伤致兔急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)模型并分析其发生机制及早期死亡原因,为研究肺爆震伤早期预警体系和治疗方法提供依据.方法 按照不同炸药量和致伤距离所产生的压强,将60只新西兰大白兔按随机数字表法分为5个致伤组和1个无致伤对照组.伤后观察存活率和组织病理学,并监测病理生理学指标、肺含水量.结果 冲击波压强低于1 210.5 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa,A、B组)时,肺损伤较轻,表现为点状肺挫伤,肺简明损伤评定分级法(ALS)均在2级内,动物伤后24 h内全部恢复,长期存活无并发症.冲击波压强高于2 036.1 mm Hg(D、E组)时,肺损伤过重,表现为广泛的肺挫伤、肺门撕裂伤和肺内大血肿,AIS均大于5级,动物于伤后1 h内全部死亡.冲击波压强为1 917.3 mm Hg(C组)时,肺表现为广泛而恒定的挫伤,累及4个肺叶以上,AIS 4～5级,伤后6 h内出现动脉氧分压下降;肺组织可见肺泡壁水肿,部分肺泡壁断裂,肺泡融合;肺泡内充满大量炎性细胞,偶见透明膜形成.与对照组比较,C组兔致伤6 h肺湿/干重比值即显著升高(6.46±0.24比3.98±0.19,P＜0.01),血浆及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)即明显升高[血浆TNF-α(ng/L):328.89±6.26比62.12±2.98,BALF TNF-α(ng/L):164.87±4.59比29.51±1.12;血浆IL-6(ng/L):128.51±4.13比19.32±1.53,BALF IL-6(ng/L):94.97±1.14比22.72±0.19,均P＜0.05].结论 在1 917.3 mm Hg爆炸压强的密闭环境下,冲击伤可诱导兔发生ARDS;TNF-α及IL-6参与爆震伤致ARDS的形成与发展;特定环境下,肺脏破裂致气胸为早期死亡原因,而冲击波致循环系统功能紊乱也是引起早期死亡的重要原因.

Abstract：

Objective To reproduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model in rabbit induced by chest blast injury and to analyze the pathogenesis and causes of early death in order to provide the basis for the early diagnosis of lung blast injury and its early-warning system to facilitate an early treatment.Methods Sixty healthy New Zealand white rabbits were divided into six groups according to the different explosion distance with the random number table method. The survival rate and its resulting pathological changes were observed and patho-physiological indexes and lung fluid content were determined at sequential time points post-explosion. Results Shock wave pressure less than 1 210. 5 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0. 133 kPa,group A, B) resulted in limited injury to the lung within grade-2 as assessed with the abbreviated injury scale (AIS). The rabbits in these groups recovered soon and survived without any complication. Shock pressure higher than 2 036. 1 mm Hg (group D, E) caused severe injuries to the lung, including deep laceration, disruption of lung hilus and large hematoma in the lung, and the injury severity of lungs was assessed above grade-5 as assessed with AIS. All rabbits died within 1 hour post-explosion. The groups described above failed to meet the demand of an ARDS model for the present study. Shock wave pressure at 1 917. 3 mm Hg (group C) produced extensive contusion from grade-4 to grade-5 as assessed with AIS. The rabbits survived in poor general condition, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) lowered within 6 hours. Pathological examination showed extensive and constant multi-focal bleeding involving more than four lobes. The alveolar wall was edematous, with partial rupture and alveolar fusion in lung tissues was observed in the group C. Alveoli were filled with inflammatory cells, and hyaline membrane was formed occasionally. Compared with control group, the wet to dry weight ratio (W/D) in lungs increased obviously (6.46±0. 24 vs. 3. 98±0. 19, P＜ 0. 01) in group C within 6 hours postinjury. The contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were also increased distinctly compared with the control group [TNF-α (ng/L) in plasma: 328. 89± 6.26 vs.62.12±2. 98, TNF-α (ng/L) in BALF: 164.87±4.59 vs. 29. 51±1.12; IL-6 (ng/L) in plasma: 128. 51±4.13 vs. 19.32±1.53: IL-6 (ng/L) in BALF: 94.97±1.14 vs. 22.72±0. 19, all P＜0. 05]. Conclusion In an airtight environment, rabbit ARDS model can be reproduced successfully by blast injury with 1 917.3 mm Hg explosion pressure; TNF-α and IL-6 are involved in the pathogenesis and development of ARDS in blast injury. Pneumothorax as a result of lung rupture is the chief reason for early death and dysfunction of circulatory system is also an important reason in producing early death.     

小儿原发性纵隔肿瘤和囊肿的诊治

目的 探讨小儿原发性纵隔肿瘤和囊肿的诊断及治疗.方法 回顾性分析79例小儿原发性纵隔肿瘤和囊肿的临床资料.所有病例均经手术和病理证实.结论 本组病例中,小儿原发性纵隔肿瘤和囊肿占同期我科收治的原发性纵隔肿瘤及囊肿的13.96%(79/566).其中神经源性肿瘤21.5%(18/79)、肠源性囊肿15.2%(12/79)、畸胎瘤17.7%(14/79),其他肿瘤和囊肿44.30%(35/79).无临床症状而于查体时发现12例,占15.19%.手术切除74例,手术切除率93.7%(74/79),经治疗后康复出院76例,死亡3例.结论 小儿纵隔肿瘤和囊肿的术前诊断依据胸部X线、CT扫描及超声检查,必要时可以结合MRI扫描判断病变范围,而确诊则依赖于术中所见及术后病理检查.其病情复杂,变化快,可危及患儿生命,除淋巴瘤外宜选手术治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of primary mediastinal tumors and cysts in children.Methods The data of 79 patients admitted from 1966 to 2009 with primary mediastinal tumors and cysts were retrospectively reviewed.All patients underwent surgery and pathological examination.Results The primary mediastinal tumors and cysts in children accounted for 13.96% of primary mediastinal tumors and cysts at the same period.In these 79 patients,neurogenic tumors were diagnosed in 18 (21.5%)patients,gastrointestinal cyst was 15.2%(12/79),teratoma was 17.7%(14/79),and the others were 44.30%(35/79).Twenty-two patients without clinical symptoms were diagnosed by health checkup,accounting for 15.2% in all cases.Tumors in 74 patients(93.7%)were resected,and the mortality rate was 3.8%(3/79).Conclusions The preoperative diagnosis of mediastinal tumors and cysts in children primarily bases on chest X ray,CT scan,ultrasonography,and MRI scan in some cases,but the final diagnosis depends on the intraoperative findings and pathologic examination.Except of lymphoma,primary mediastinal tumors and cysts should be treated by surgery appropriately.     

兔油酸ARDS模型72h内炎性因子及凝血情况分析

目的 探讨兔油酸(OA)急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)模型72 h内NF-κB、IL-10、GR、PT、APTT、Fib含量变化的意义.方法 健康新西兰大耳白兔30 只随机分为5组,每组6只,实验组(n=24)耳缘静脉注射油酸(0.1 mL/kg)建立ARDS模型,对照组(n=6)注射等量生理盐水.分别检测对照组6 h和实验组6、24、48、72 h(n=6)血浆和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)核因子(NF-κB)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、糖皮质激素受体(GR)含量与血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)的变化.结果 (1)注射油酸48 h内,实验组氧合指数PaO2/FiO2<200 mmHg达到ARDS的诊断标准;72 h后呼吸功能有所改善,PaO2/FiO2>200 mmHg达不到ARDS的诊断标准.(2)与对照组相比,各实验组血浆及支气管肺泡灌洗液NF-κB、IL-10、GR含量升高(P<0.05或P<0.01).肺泡灌洗液中NF-κB、IL-10、GR含量均比血浆中略低.(3)与对照组相比,OA 6、24 h 组PT明显增加(P<0.01);各实验组APTT均见明显升高(P<0.01),OA 6 h 组Fib明显降低(P<0.01).结论 兔油酸构建ARDS模型48 h内符合ARDS诊断标准,72 h后未能达到ARDS诊断标准.促炎/抗炎系统平衡可能影响ARDS的发展进程.ARDS时凝血功能下降.     

某部夏季草原驻训就诊病例分析

2012年5-6月,我部某营在内蒙古草原地区举行野外驻训,期间我院派出相关人员参与组建野战医疗救护所随行保障并圆满完成任务.我们根据官兵就诊资料,总结了部队夏季草场驻训常见病分布情况,借以研究部队暑期野外驻训期间常见病的发病规律,为今后参加类似任务提供依据,以便进一步提高我部医院的医疗保障能力. 1 对象和方法(1)对象:101例患者,均为男性,年龄18 ～41岁,平均20.9岁.所患疾病中,外科(含五官科)52例,内科38例,皮肤科11例.(2)驻训地特点:驻地属于半沙化草原,海拔1269 m,位于中温带大陆性季风气候区,紫外线强,昼夜温差大,沙尘暴、暴雨等恶劣天气频发,地方病发病率也较高.宿营地卫生条件较差,水源缺乏,医疗条件简陋.(3)方法:训练开始前,由野战医疗所人员设计调查方案,统一登记标准,严格就诊登记制度.驻训后对驻训期间门诊和巡诊资料进行收集、整理,分析官兵疾病发生情况,并进行分类,计算疾病构成比.     

沉默信息调控因子3及氧化应激介导姜黄素抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤的机制研究

目的研究沉默信息调控因子3(Sirtuin 3,SIRT3)及氧化应激在姜黄素(curcumin,cur)抗H9c2细胞缺血再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)损伤(I/RI)中的作用。方法常规培养H9c2细胞,给予姜黄素预处理后建立细胞I/R模型,处理完毕后检测细胞活力、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放、氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平、丙二醛(MDA)含量、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平、SIRT3、凋亡相关分子表达水平,从而明确姜黄素对氧化应激、SIRT3水平及凋亡的影响。在此基础上用SIRT3 si RNA下调SIRT3表达,给予姜黄素处理,建立I/R模型,检测上述指标,明确姜黄素是否通过激活SIRT3,抑制氧化应激抗H9c2细胞I/RI的。结果 I/R处理后细胞活力下降,LDH释放增多,ROS水平升高,MDA含量升高,还原型GSH水平下降。Western检测发现SIRT3表达下降,凋亡指标上调。姜黄素预处理后细胞活力恢复,LDH释放减少,ROS水平、MDA含量下降,还原型GSH水平上升,凋亡指标下降。SIRT3 si RNA下调SIRT3表达后,姜黄素的上述作用被逆转。结论姜黄素能有效减轻H9c2细胞I/RI,可能是通过上调SIRT3,抑制氧化应激来实现的。     

某部夏季草原驻训发病情况分析

2012年5—6月,某部官兵在内蒙古西北部草原地区进行了野外驻训。驻训期间,我们参与组建了野战医疗所,实施遂行保障,并圆满完成任务。为研究部队夏季野外驻训期间常见病的发病规律,为今后参加类似保障任务提供依据,我们根据该部官兵驻训期间的就诊资料,研究总结了部队夏季草原驻训期间常见病101例的分布情况和相关因素,并提出了相应的防治措施建议。现分析报告如下。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚联合地塞米松对兔爆震伤急性呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗作用

目的 探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚(PHC)联合地塞米松(DXM)对兔胸部爆震伤ARDS的治疗作用.方法 采用健康新西兰大白兔制作兔胸部爆震伤ARDS模型,将符合ARDS诊断标准的兔随机分为5组:B组,爆炸致ARDS组(n=10)；C组,低剂量(0.8mg/kg)PHC组(n=9)；D组,高剂量(1.5mg/kg) PHC组(n=...     

夏季草原部队驻训卫勤保障做法

目的总结部队夏季草原驻训期间卫生防疫工作特点和经验,为指导官兵的卫生防疫保障工作提供依据。方法针对部队驻训期间驻地环境恶劣、人员抵抗力弱、官兵心理压力大、人数较多等问题,提出相应的保障对策。结果精心筹划准备,积极开展现地卫生监管,以及提供医疗巡诊保障服务,有效维护官兵健康。结论行之有效的卫生防病措施对保障驻训期间人员健康具有重要意义。     

支气管扩张症诊断与治疗

目的总结369例支气管扩张症患者的诊断和手术治疗的临床经验。方法回顾性分析1957年10月至2005年10月行手术治疗的369例支气管扩张症患者的临床资料。结果本组366例于术后3个月复查胸部X线片提示残存肺膨胀良好,无代偿性肺气肿,随访期间无复发咯血及咳脓痰症状,亦无肺内新发病灶。手术相关并发症43例,其中术后出现胸膜腔明显渗血致休克、二次开胸止血2例,胸腔积液21例,肺不张合并肺部感染8例,支气管胸膜瘘7例,脓胸2例,切口感染3例,并发症发生率为12＋2％。死亡3例,其中术中经膈肌打气腹导致空气栓塞死亡1例,术后呼吸功能衰竭死亡2例。全部患者术后病理报告均为支气管扩张症,其中结核性36例,化脓性333例。结论薄层高清晰CT检查已成为确诊支气管扩张症的有效方法,并可作为手术依据。手术治疗根治支气管扩张症的疗效确切,在呼吸功能允许的条件下,应完全切除病肺,术中避免经膈肌打气腹。