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运用列车进行后送在战争或自然灾害条件下,造成成批大量伤员进行紧急救治和运送的一种方式。我院自2007—05组建列车卫生医疗队,经过模拟实战进行反复演练和不断改进,特别是通过2008年“5.12”汶川大地震中实地伤员的护送以及“卫勤使命-2009”全军军事联合演习中的实践,对于运用列车后送危重伤员的救治与护理初步积累了一些经验,总结如下。  相似文献   
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目的 构建室内胸部爆震伤致兔急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)模型并分析其发生机制及早期死亡原因,为研究肺爆震伤早期预警体系和治疗方法提供依据.方法 按照不同炸药量和致伤距离所产生的压强,将60只新西兰大白兔按随机数字表法分为5个致伤组和1个无致伤对照组.伤后观察存活率和组织病理学,并监测病理生理学指标、肺含水量.结果 冲击波压强低于1 210.5 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa,A、B组)时,肺损伤较轻,表现为点状肺挫伤,肺简明损伤评定分级法(ALS)均在2级内,动物伤后24 h内全部恢复,长期存活无并发症.冲击波压强高于2 036.1 mm Hg(D、E组)时,肺损伤过重,表现为广泛的肺挫伤、肺门撕裂伤和肺内大血肿,AIS均大于5级,动物于伤后1 h内全部死亡.冲击波压强为1 917.3 mm Hg(C组)时,肺表现为广泛而恒定的挫伤,累及4个肺叶以上,AIS 4~5级,伤后6 h内出现动脉氧分压下降;肺组织可见肺泡壁水肿,部分肺泡壁断裂,肺泡融合;肺泡内充满大量炎性细胞,偶见透明膜形成.与对照组比较,C组兔致伤6 h肺湿/干重比值即显著升高(6.46±0.24比3.98±0.19,P<0.01),血浆及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)即明显升高[血浆TNF-α(ng/L):328.89±6.26比62.12±2.98,BALF TNF-α(ng/L):164.87±4.59比29.51±1.12;血浆IL-6(ng/L):128.51±4.13比19.32±1.53,BALF IL-6(ng/L):94.97±1.14比22.72±0.19,均P<0.05].结论 在1 917.3 mm Hg爆炸压强的密闭环境下,冲击伤可诱导兔发生ARDS;TNF-α及IL-6参与爆震伤致ARDS的形成与发展;特定环境下,肺脏破裂致气胸为早期死亡原因,而冲击波致循环系统功能紊乱也是引起早期死亡的重要原因.
Abstract:
Objective To reproduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model in rabbit induced by chest blast injury and to analyze the pathogenesis and causes of early death in order to provide the basis for the early diagnosis of lung blast injury and its early-warning system to facilitate an early treatment.Methods Sixty healthy New Zealand white rabbits were divided into six groups according to the different explosion distance with the random number table method. The survival rate and its resulting pathological changes were observed and patho-physiological indexes and lung fluid content were determined at sequential time points post-explosion. Results Shock wave pressure less than 1 210. 5 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0. 133 kPa,group A, B) resulted in limited injury to the lung within grade-2 as assessed with the abbreviated injury scale (AIS). The rabbits in these groups recovered soon and survived without any complication. Shock pressure higher than 2 036. 1 mm Hg (group D, E) caused severe injuries to the lung, including deep laceration, disruption of lung hilus and large hematoma in the lung, and the injury severity of lungs was assessed above grade-5 as assessed with AIS. All rabbits died within 1 hour post-explosion. The groups described above failed to meet the demand of an ARDS model for the present study. Shock wave pressure at 1 917. 3 mm Hg (group C) produced extensive contusion from grade-4 to grade-5 as assessed with AIS. The rabbits survived in poor general condition, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) lowered within 6 hours. Pathological examination showed extensive and constant multi-focal bleeding involving more than four lobes. The alveolar wall was edematous, with partial rupture and alveolar fusion in lung tissues was observed in the group C. Alveoli were filled with inflammatory cells, and hyaline membrane was formed occasionally. Compared with control group, the wet to dry weight ratio (W/D) in lungs increased obviously (6.46±0. 24 vs. 3. 98±0. 19, P< 0. 01) in group C within 6 hours postinjury. The contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were also increased distinctly compared with the control group [TNF-α (ng/L) in plasma: 328. 89± 6.26 vs.62.12±2. 98, TNF-α (ng/L) in BALF: 164.87±4.59 vs. 29. 51±1.12; IL-6 (ng/L) in plasma: 128. 51±4.13 vs. 19.32±1.53: IL-6 (ng/L) in BALF: 94.97±1.14 vs. 22.72±0. 19, all P<0. 05]. Conclusion In an airtight environment, rabbit ARDS model can be reproduced successfully by blast injury with 1 917.3 mm Hg explosion pressure; TNF-α and IL-6 are involved in the pathogenesis and development of ARDS in blast injury. Pneumothorax as a result of lung rupture is the chief reason for early death and dysfunction of circulatory system is also an important reason in producing early death.  相似文献   
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目的:总结气管食管瘘病人行双瓣式气管食管瘘修补术的护理措施。方法:总结2010年3月~2011年12月我科采用双瓣式气管食管瘘修补术治疗的气管食管瘘病人6例临床资料,术前予呼吸道及胃肠道准备、心理护理、口腔护理等,术后认真观察病情,进行针对性护理。结果:6例病人术后创伤明显减轻,无1例并发症出现。结论:做好双瓣式气管食管瘘修补术病各项护理措施,对配合病人顺利进行手术、促进病人康复起着重要作用。  相似文献   
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电刺激对脑卒中吞咽障碍康复的效果   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
目的探讨电刺激对脑卒中吞咽障碍康复的效果。方法将40例脑卒中后吞咽障碍的患者分为治疗组和对照组各20例,均给予常规药物治疗和吞咽功能康复训练,治疗组在此基础上采用电刺激治疗。以吞咽障碍程度分级评分评定疗效。结果两组均能改善吞咽障碍,但治疗组疗效优于对照组(P〈0.05)。结论电刺激可提高脑卒中后吞咽障碍的治疗效果。  相似文献   
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目的:随访观察胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力手术治疗的临床效果.方法:回顾总结39例胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力病人手术治疗的临床资料,根据随访结果对不同临床分型及分期的疗效进行比较分析.结果:本组病例手术根治性切除率89.74%,2年随访总有效率为71.79%.Osserman分型的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型病人有效率为78.79%,Ⅲ、Ⅳ型为33.33%,前者疗效优于后者(P﹤0.05);不同Masaoka分期的病人疗效无统计学差异.结论:胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力外科手术治疗效果良好;Osserman Ⅰ、Ⅱ型的病人的疗效更佳;Masaoka分期对于临床疗效的评判意义不大.  相似文献   
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目的探讨开胸手术气管切开患者ICU肺部感染与茵群的关系及其护理对策。方法对58例ICU肺部感染患者做痰液培养和药敏试验。结果细菌种类多是其特点;其原因主要有该组患者开胸术后免疫防御功能严重受损,抵抗力差.易受感染;气管切开插管后各种治疗护理增加感染机率;大量使用抗生素和多重用药使呼吸道正常茵群破坏,导致防御屏障受损;无菌观念不强.护理操作不当。结论造成开胸术后气管切开肺部感染的原因很多,其中做好气管切开术后护理显得十分重要。  相似文献   
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