三峡工程及水位变化对坝区鼠密度的影响

目的 了解三峡大坝水位变化对当地鼠类生存的影响,为鼠传播疾病的控制提供依据.方法在三峡坝区,选择位于坝区上下游的银杏沱村、龙潭坪村、石板村、沙坪村为调查点,采用Elton夹夜法,每次连续捕鼠2 d.收集鼠夹,计算鼠密度并鉴定鼠种,比较室内外鼠种、鼠密度及水库156 m蓄水前后鼠密度变化,分析蓄水及清库对坝区鼠密度的影响.结果共捕鼠678只,其中室内517只,室外161.室内黄胸鼠为优势鼠种,共捕获189只,占36.49%(189/517);室外黑线姬鼠为优势鼠种,共捕获91只,占56.88%(91/161);室内外鼠种构成比较差异有统计学意义(x2=678.00,P＜0.01).共布有效夹8036夹次,平均鼠密度为8.44%(678/8036),其中室内鼠密度为14.44%(517/3581),室外鼠密度为3.61%(161/4455),室内外鼠密度比较差异有统计学意义(x2=301.04,P＜0.01).大坝蓄水至156 m后鼠密度(10%,513/5132)明显高于蓄水前(5.68%,165/2904),蓄水前后鼠密度比较差异有统计学意义(x2=44.68,P＜0.01).坝区上游鼠密度随蓄水的升高变化明显,在2007年5月至2008年5月,鼠密度形成一个高位平台,依次为12.25%(80/653)、13.16%(90/684)、12.95%(90/695),到下一次清库后有所下降(8.38%,28/334).结论三峡大坝工程及水库蓄水后的水位变化改变了鼠类的生存环境,致当地的鼠密度发生了改变,今后应加强对坝区鼠类的监测,防止鼠传播疾病的局部爆发或流行.     

三峡工程及水位变化对坝区鼠密度的影响

Objective To study the impacts of the Three Gorges dam and change of water level on the survival of the local rodents, and to provide scientific basis to control the outbreak of rodent-borne diseases.Methods Four villages located around the Three Gorges dam were selected in the study. The mouse populations by using Elton night trapping method was monitored. Metallic spring traps were set for two consecutive nights. The mouse density and identified the mouse species was calculated. The mouse species indoor and outdoor, as well as the mouse density indoor and outdoor were compared. The impacts of water level in the dam and cleaning work on local mouse density were also analyzed. Results A total of 678 mice were caught in this study, 517 were caught indoor and 161 outdoor. Indoor dominant species was flavipectus; accounting for 36.49%(189/517), while outdoor was apodemus, reaching 56.88% (91/161). For mouse species, there was a significant difference between indoor and outdoor(x2 = 678.00, P ＜ 0.01 ). The average mouse density was 8.44%(678/8036) in trap nights. Indoor mouse density reached 14.44%(517/3581 ), which was significantly higher than that of outdoor(3.61%, 161/4455 ).For mouse density, there was a significant difference between indoor and outdoor(x2 = 301.04, P ＜ 0.01 ). When the water level was up to 156 m, mouse density reached 10%(513/5132), which was higher than that of before (5.68%, 165/2904). There was a significant difference in mouse density before and after reserving water (x2 = 44.68, P ＜ 0.01 ). With the change of water level, upstream mouse density formed a high platform from May 2007 to May 2008, followed by 12.25%(80/653), 13.16%(90/684), 12.95%(90/695), and decreased to 8.38%(28/334) after cleaning of the dam. Conclusions The Three Gorges dam and change of water level actually alter the survival environment of the local mouse, and affect local mouse density and mouse species. These may lead to local outbreak or epidemic of rodent-borne diseases.     

医务人员艾滋病反歧视综合干预动态效果多水平模型分析

摘要:目的　评估医务人员艾滋病反歧视综合干预的动态效果。方法　将480名医务人员随机分为3组,接受以艾滋病职业暴露培训、反歧视为主要内容的综合干预,其中干预组1在接受首次干预后的第7个月接受1次强化干预;干预组2仅接受首次干预;对照组不接受任何干预措施。干预后3、6、12个月评价艾滋病职业暴露知识得分、歧视得分、服务意愿,并使用多水平模型进行分析。结果　职业暴露知识得分,干预组1 高于对照组,分别为（7.5±1.3）分和（5.4±1.3）分,P＜0.05,干预组2高于对照组,分别为（5.7±1.7）分和（5.4±1.3）分,P＜0.05;歧视得分,干预组1低于对照组,分别为（21.3±3.6）和（32.0±4.3）,P＜0.05,干预组2低于对照组,分别为（27.0±2.9）分和（32.0±4.3）分,P＜0.05;服务意愿,干预组1高于对照组,分别为68.1%和38.0%,P＜0.05,干预组2高于对照组,分别为56.7%和38.0%,P＜0.05。干预组1、干预组2职业暴露知识得分、歧视得分及服务意愿在0到6个月期间走势相近。但在12个月时干预组1的3项指标均优于干预组2。结论　艾滋病反歧视干预与职业暴露防护培训相结合,在保护医务人员安全的前提下,消除对艾滋病患者的偏见,有助于提升医务人员诊疗艾滋病患者意愿。     

环境镉污染健康损害分级判定标准研究

镉污染的早期流行病学调查主要在欧美的职业接触工人和日本镉污染区人群中进行.中国工业性环境镉污染始于1960年前后,人群健康危害调查研究主要在20世纪80～90年代[1].     

三峡坝区三期蓄水期间并殖吸虫病流行病学调查

目的了解大坝建设和三期蓄水对并殖吸虫流行的影响,为三峡大坝完工后建立疾病预测系统,开展监测工作提供参考。方法调查坝区不同水位并殖吸虫第二中间宿主溪蟹密度及其种群构成,沉渣镜检溪蟹的并殖吸虫囊蚴。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测人群血清并殖吸虫IgG抗体。结果并殖吸虫第二中间宿主溪蟹的囊蚴感染率自三期蓄水前的6.53%下降到三期蓄水后的4.04%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);人群并殖吸虫抗体IgG检测阳性率自2006年0.75%上升至2007年的2.25%,差别无统计学意义(P0.05);坝区人群生食虾蟹者占1.00%,饮生水者占41.65%。并殖吸虫健康防病知识知晓率低于35.00%。结论在三峡大坝水位逐步升高过程中,坝区并殖吸虫病流行处于稳定状态,未受大坝建设和蓄水明显影响。     

环境污染致慢性健康损害因果关系判定

随着我国工业发展和城市化的进程加快,人民生活水平不断提高,但是环境污染事件,特别是恶性污染事件日益增多,严重损害了人民的身体健康,而紧随而来的环境污染纠纷与事故需要迫切解决,解决的关键和难点就在于对环境污染损害因果关系的判定.针对环境污染引起的慢性健康损害的因果关系判定问题,依次介绍其因果关系判定特点、基本依据及相关判定程序,探索出环境污染致慢性健康损害的因果关系判定理论.     

2016—2021年天津市滨海新区艾滋病自愿咨询检测情况分析

目的：探讨2016—2021年天津市滨海新区艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)情况。方法：自艾滋病防治工作信息系统选取2016—2021年天津市滨海新区自愿咨询检测点求询者的个案资料开展研究，并经Excel表格整理VCT者年龄、性别、婚姻状况、文化程度、求询原因、检测及确诊情况。结果：2016年VCT人数较多，之后呈逐年下降趋势，且VCT群体中以男性为主；<20岁群体VCT人数最低，20～29岁群体VCT人数最高；已婚有配偶群体VCT人数最高，离异或丧偶群体人数最低；高中或中专群体VCT人数最高，小学及文盲群体VCT人数最低；商业异性性行为史、非商业非固定异性性行为史为VCT求询主要原因；7 977名VCT者，检测率为99.51%(7 938/7 977),确诊率为0.56%(45/7 977)。结论：天津市滨海新区VCT求询原因以商业异性性行为史、非商业非固定异性性行为史为主，人群主要分布于20～29岁群体、已婚有配偶群体、高中或中专群体，整体检测率较高，但确诊率低，需进一步加强上述高危群体防控，避免艾滋病的传播。