Inflammatory infiltration in aortic valves promotes calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) progression. While soluble extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins induce inflammatory responses in aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs), the impact of monocytes on AVIC inflammatory responses is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that monocytes enhance AVIC inflammatory responses to soluble ECM protein in this study.
Methods
Human AVICs isolated from normal aortic valves were cocultured with monocytes and stimulated with soluble ECM protein (matrilin-2). ICAM-1 and IL-6 productions were assessed. YAP and NF-κB phosphorylation were analyzed. Recombinant CD18, neutralizing antibodies against β2-integrin or ICAM-1, and inhibitor of YAP or NF-κB were applied.
Results
AVIC expression of ICAM-1 and IL-6 was markedly enhanced by the presence of monocytes, although matrilin-2 did not affect monocyte production of ICAM-1 or IL-6. Matrilin-2 up-regulated the expression of monocyte β2-integrin and AVIC ICAM-1, leading to monocyte-AVIC adhesion. Neutralizing β2-integrin or ICAM-1 in coculture suppressed monocyte adhesion to AVICs and the expression of ICAM-1 and IL-6. Recombinant CD18 enhanced the matrilin-2-induced ICAM-1 and IL-6 expression in AVIC monoculture. Further, stimulation of coculture with matrilin-2 induced greater YAP and NF-κB phosphorylation. Inhibiting either YAP or NF-κB markedly suppressed the inflammatory response to matrilin-2 in coculture.
Conclusion
Monocyte β2-integrin interacts with AVIC ICAM-1 to augment AVIC inflammatory responses to soluble matrilin-2 through enhancing the activation of YAP and NF-κB signaling pathways. Infiltrated monocytes may promote valvular inflammation through cell–cell interaction with AVICs to enhance their sensitivity to damage-associated molecular patterns.
