Dural puncture epidural versus conventional epidural block for labor analgesia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

IntroductionDural puncture epidural (DPE) analgesia is a modification of conventional epidural analgesia that involves the intentional puncture of the dura with a spinal needle through the needle placed in the epidural space, without a medication being injected intrathecally. There have been contradictory findings regarding better analgesia and better block quality.MethodsA systematic literature search was done to identify randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing DPE with epidural analgesia. The risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane tool. Risk ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.ResultsFive RCTs including 581 patients were identified. One RCT on caesarean section was excluded. Single studies suggested slightly better analgesia by finding a median time to achieve sufficient analgesia of two minutes less in the DPE group, a higher number of women having a pain score <10/100 at 20 min, a reduction in the number of epidural top-ups and better sacral spread. The studies did not show a difference between DPE and epidural analgesia for catheter replacement or manipulation rates, the incidence of intravascular placement or unilateral block.ConclusionThere is a lack of clear evidence on either the benefits or the risks of the DPE technique, such that a recommendation for or against its routine use is premature. Two of the three studies showing a beneficial effect of DPE came from the same institution and replication of the findings by other groups is warranted.     

Bloqueo bilateral del grupo de nervios pericapsulares (PENG) como analgesia en cirugía de cadera infantil

Effective management and control of peri- and postoperative pain in hip surgery is essential in order to minimize the use of opioids and their adverse effects. Effective regional analgesia for hip pain is made particularly challenging by the complex innervation of the hip joint. Standard regional techniques can be associated with complications, including incomplete anesthesia, hypotension, or lower limb weakness. We present the case of a 5-year-old girl with a history of infantile cerebral palsy who underwent bilateral varus derotation osteotomy and adductor tenotomy due to paralytic dislocation. She received bilateral PENG block and femoral cutaneous nerve block - a simple technique that covers all the nerves involved in the sensory innervation of the joint capsule without the need for multiple injections.     

深静脉置管镇痛泵持续输入用于癌症病人镇痛

目的探讨深静脉置管镇痛泵持续输入对癌症病人的镇痛效果。方法将芬太尼、氟哌利多、阿托品按预定浓度比注入微量镇痛泵,经股静脉或颈静脉穿刺并留置导管,缝合固定,与镇痛泵连接,药物即可均衡进入体内。结果全程测定NRS和PPI值分别为1.3和1.5。表明此法癌症病人止痛效果佳,全部病例均有效。结论深静脉置管镇痛泵持续输入对癌症病人镇痛效果确切,应用方便。     

小剂量芬太尼与氯胺酮联合用于PCIA的临床体会

目的观察微量小剂量芬太尼与氯胺酮联合于术后病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果及不良反应,并与较大剂量芬太尼PCIA进行比较。方法选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级、年龄(45.8±11.2)岁、全麻下行腹部手术病人80例,随机分为4组:Ⅰ组为芬太尼2.0 mg,Ⅱ组为芬太尼1.5 mg+氯胺酮250 mg,Ⅲ组为芬太尼1.5mg+氯胺酮500 mg,Ⅳ组为芬太尼1.5 mg+氯胺酮750 mg;各组均加5 mg氟哌啶,然后加生理盐水至100mL。PCIA持续输注速度为24μL.kg-1.h-1。记录术后4、24、48及72 h的VSA评分、镇静评分、呼吸次数及SpO2变化情况。结果Ⅱ组VAS评分4个时点均明显高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。Ⅰ组出现睡眠的病人也较多。结论适量小剂量芬太尼与氯胺酮联合用于术后PICA,能明显改善病人嗜睡的状况,镇痛效果也较理想,从而减少了术后嗜睡和呼吸抑制的状况。     

不同剂量帕米磷酸二钠治疗骨转移癌疼痛的疗效观察

目的观察不同剂量帕米磷酸二钠治疗骨转移癌引起疼痛的治疗效果。方法对66例确诊为骨转移癌的患者随机分为大剂量组和常规剂量组,大剂量组予静滴帕米磷酸二钠90mg;常规剂量组予静滴帕米磷酸二钠45mg,均为第1天和第2天连续给药。两组均每4周重复,共两次。结果大剂量组止痛效果及生活质量均优于常规剂量组。两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01),两组均无严重不良反应。结论大剂量帕米磷酸二钠在止痛、改善患者生活质量方面明显优于常规剂量,且无严重不良反应,值得临床上进一步应用。     

Dorsal and ventral dopaminergic innervation of the spinal cord: Functional implications

Several studies have demonstrated that a descending dopaminergic pathway innervates the dorsal and the intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord and have suggested that this pathway is involved in pain modulation and in the control of autonomie functions. Other studies have also demonstrated the presence of dopamine (DA) and DA metabolites as well as of DA receptors in the ventral cord. There is also evidence for the implication of DA in the control of motor functions at the spinal level. The occurrence of a dopaminergic innervation in the ventral horn has been, however, disputed until recently. But recent work has demonstrated that the motoneural cell groups in the ventral horn (lamina IX) are a target for descending dopaminergic fibers. In addition, the possibility that DA is a mediator of primary afferent fibers has also been postulated. Finally, the occurrence of dopaminergic cell bodies has been suggested in the spinal cord. This indicates that DA is probably implicated in a complex manner in spinal functions. In the present paper the possible involvement of DA in sensory and in motor functions at spinal level will be discussed in view of neurochemical observations made in polyarthritic rats, in which pain-related behavior and reduction of locomotor activity associated with a marked decrease in mobility, are observed.     

大鼠不同脑区微量注射蝇蕈醇与氯苯氨丁酸镇痛作用比较

目的观察并比较GABAa受体激动剂蝇蕈醇及GABAb受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸在大鼠不同脑区的镇痛作用。方法实验分侧脑室、室旁核和海马三组 ,每组又分成生理盐水对照组、蝇蕈醇组及氯苯氨丁酸组 ,分别经侧脑室、海马和室旁核”微量注射生理盐水或药物 ( 1× 1 0 - 3 mol·L- 1,1 μl) ,在大鼠甩尾测痛模型上”测定大鼠的痛阈。结果微量注射蝇蕈醇和氯苯氨丁酸在不同脑区均可不同程度地提高大鼠的痛阈 (与生理盐水对照组相比 ,P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,虽然蝇蕈醇与氯苯氨丁酸在侧脑室和室旁核的镇痛作用无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但氯苯氨丁酸在海马的镇痛作用明显强于蝇蕈醇(P <0 .0 0 1 )。比较药物在不同脑区的镇痛作用发现 ,氯苯氨丁酸在海马和室旁核的镇痛作用无明显区别 ,但均强于侧脑室 ;而蝇蕈醇在室旁核最强 ,其次为海马、侧脑室。结论经侧脑室、海马或室旁核微量注射蝇蕈醇或氯苯氨丁酸均能降低大鼠对痛的感受性。氯苯氨丁酸在海马和室旁核可产生较强的镇痛作用 ,而蝇蕈醇在室旁核镇痛作用较明显 ,其次为海马     

臂丛神经阻滞加用地塞米松和小剂量吗啡用于术后镇痛的效果观察

目的 观察臂丛神经阻滞的局麻药液中加入地塞米松和小剂量吗啡用于术后镇痛的效果和副作用。方法 80例患者随机分为A、B、C、D四组。全部用肌间沟法臂丛神经阻滞，A组（n=20)注入0.5%布比卡因、2%利多卡因等量混合液25ml；B组（n=20)注入A组用药加地塞米松10mg(2ml)；C组（n=20)注入A组用药加吗啡2mg(0.2ml)；D组（n=20)注入A组用药加地塞米松10mg(2ml)、吗啡2mg(0.2ml)。结果 B、C、D组与A组相比起效时间显著缩短、镇痛时间显著延长，差异非常显著（P＜0.01)；而D组和B、C组相比镇痛时间又明显延长，差异非常显著（P＜0.01)；C组中有1例（5％）因发生恶心呕吐，其余多组无并发症发生。结论 臂丛神经阻滞的局麻药液中加入地塞米松和小剂量吗啡用于术后镇痛，镇痛时间长，效果可靠，副作用少，操作方便，经济实用。     

子宫动脉栓塞围介入治疗期硬膜外病人自控镇痛及不同药物配伍的效应

目的 研究子宫动脉栓塞(UAE)围介入治疗期采用硬膜外病人自控镇痛(PCEA)及其不同配伍镇痛效应和不良反应。方法 80例行UAE介入治疗病人(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级)随机分成四组,RD0组(n=20):采用PCEA法,镇痛药0.2％罗哌卡因(Rop)+0.004％吗啡(Mor),RD1组(n=20):RD0组镇痛药中加入0.005％氟哌利多(Dro);RD2组(n=20):RD0组镇痛药中加入0.01％Dro,RD0～RD2组硬膜外腔穿刺(T11～12)置管后接PCA泵按LCP模式镇痛,即负荷量(6ml)+待续量(2ml/h+PcA剂量(2ml/次),锁定时间10min;C组(n=20,对照):口服尼美舒利或肌注盐酸哌替啶镇痛。双盲观察各组VAS评分、BCS舒适评分、Ramesay评分、术后恢复以及恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等并发症情况。结果 UAE导丝导管操作及栓塞时C组病人盆腔疼痛和继发性痛性痉挛发生率为90％,而RD0～RD2组无此现象;介入治疗后VAS评分、BCS评级、术后恢复时间RD0～RD2组明显优于C组(P<0.05)。PCEA各组病人围介入治疗期均安静合作,精神状态良好,C组病人烦躁不安发生率较多;恶心、呕吐发生率RD0组及C组高于RD1组及RD2组(P<0.05)。结论 UAE围介入治疗期PCEA法镇痛效果明显优于传统用药法,且副反应少,术后恢复快;PCEA配方中适量加入Dro(0.005％)可减少恶心呕吐及皮肤瘙痒。