实习护生情绪智力、临床实习环境与病人安全感知能力的中介效应

目的:了解实习护生情绪智力、临床实习环境与病人安全感知能力现状并探讨三者关系。方法:采用情绪智力量表、临床实习环境量表和卫生职业教育病人安全感知量表对492名实习护生进行调查。结果:实习护生情绪智力总分为(123.81±18.69)分,临床实习环境总分为(119.48±22.16)分,病人安全感知能力总分为(67.16±12.06)分,情绪智力、临床实习环境与病人安全感知能力呈正相关(r值分别为0.723和0.720,P<0.01);情绪智力在临床实习环境和病人安全感知能力间起部分中介效应,中介效应估计值为0.286(28.6%)。结论:学校要举办人文课程活动以培养情绪智力;医院应制订计划增加学习机会,选拔给予护生充分支持的带教老师,改善临床实习环境。     

Is present pharmacy education adapted to needs? Survey results from young practitioner views regarding pharmacy education outcome towards a national reform in Hungary

BackgroundThe pharmacist career is constantly adapting to societal and health care needs. The past decade has seen a growing demand for curricular development to align graduation outcome with workforce competencies.ObjectiveThis study aims to identify expectations for both didactic and experiential components of a new curriculum based on young pharmacist practitioner views.MethodsAn online survey questionnaire was used in 2019–2020 to evaluate the pharmacy curriculum to detect indicators or key areas which require comprehensive reform.ResultsThe predominant majority of the 205 study participants recommended reduction in credit hours for Natural Sciences (78.54%) and a similar increase in the Theoretical and Practical Expertise Module (77.9%). Pharmaceutical care, clinical therapeutics and clinical pharmacy competencies should also be more highlighted in the program. Findings indicate the current training does not prepare for problem-solving and daily workplace challenges (72.7%) or for extended pharmacist skills and competencies (71.71%). Results show inconsistency in practical training experience, as all respondents participated in practical training for drug manufacturing and analysis but 61.0% reported no hands-on skills training in a hospital-clinical simulation setting. Indications for practitioner involvement into the natural sciences and biomedical subjects (86.3%) confirm the obvious need for more practice-oriented education.ConclusionsEducational reforms seem to be inevitable to achieve measurable improvement in professional practice and skills competency. The country specific demand for a needs-based pharmacy education reflects global trends but may also provide useful insights for individual transitions to transform education through practice and improve practice through education.     

中青年楼宇人群的家庭医生签约服务需求满足状况及影响因素研究

背景 上海市正逐步将家庭医生签约服务拓展至楼宇功能社区，目前中青年楼宇人群的服务需求满足状况尚不知晓。研究中青年楼宇人群的家庭医生签约服务需求满足状况，分析其影响因素，可以为制定和调整家庭医生楼宇服务相关政策提供参考。 目的 探讨中青年楼宇人群的家庭医生签约服务需求满足状况，并分析其影响因素。 方法 于2019年12月至2020年12月，在上海市虹口区、浦东新区、静安区采用典型抽样法抽取楼宇，在选中楼宇内采用整群随机抽样法抽取中青年人群（18~59岁）开展问卷调查，共回收有效问卷2 272份，本研究以其中有家庭医生服务利用经历的1 137例受试者为研究对象。涉及的主要调查内容为受试者的社会人口和经济学特征、健康状况、对家庭医生签约服务的了解度及家庭医生签约服务需求满足状况（包括基本服务需求、个性化服务需求两方面，均采用Likert 5级评分法）。采用多元有序Logistic回归分析中青年楼宇人群家庭医生签约服务需求满足状况的影响因素。 结果 39.61%（425/1 073）的受试者表示家庭医生签约服务比较满足/完全满足其基本服务需求，39.01%（419/1 074）的受试者表示家庭医生签约服务比较满足/完全满足其个性化服务需求。多元有序Logistic回归分析结果显示：户籍、职业类别、年收入、自评健康状况、对家庭医生"1+1+1"签约服务了解度、对家庭医生信任度、对家庭医生服务能力评价是中青年楼宇人群基本服务需求满足状况的影响因素（P<0.05）；性别、年收入、患慢性病情况、对家庭医生"1+1+1"签约服务了解度、对家庭医生团队组成了解度、对家庭医生服务能力评价是中青年楼宇人群个性化服务需求满足状况的影响因素（P<0.05）。 结论 约40%的楼宇人群认为家庭医生签约服务能够满足其基本服务需求/个性化服务需求，主要影响因素可概括为楼宇人群的社会经济状况、健康状况、对家庭医生签约服务的认知度、家庭医生的服务能力4个方面。建议加强对家庭医生签约服务的宣传，并针对楼宇人群特点和差异化需求，为其定制个性化的服务方案；同时，着力提升家庭医生服务能力，丰富签约服务内涵。     

Acute care nurses’ attitudes toward nursing students with disabilities: A focused ethnography

Discrimination towards individuals with disabilities is problematic within nursing. There have been calls to increase diversity in nursing and this includes embracing nurses with disabilities. Increasing diversity in nursing requires increasing diversity among nursing students; in this way, nurse educators are gatekeepers to the profession. Clinical education is a crucial element of nursing education, yet there have been very few studies related to the clinical education of nursing students with disabilities. There have been no studies of attitudes of acute care nurse preceptors toward students with disabilities in the United States. This gap is important as the majority of clinical experiences occur in the acute care environment. Utilizing a focused ethnography, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 acute care nurses with at least two years’ experience precepting students. While positive feelings about nursing students with disabilities were shared, thoughts and behavioral intentions remained negative. Six themes emerged: safety, barriers, otherness, communicating to meet needs, disclosure, and student versus colleague. Attitudinal barriers are the primary barriers faced by individuals with disabilities in becoming and practicing as nurses. Nurses in practice and education must embrace more inclusive attitudes towards individuals with disabilities.     

发达国家医学生器官捐献意愿研究现状的范围综述

目的了解发达国家医学生器官捐献意愿研究的目的、结果、障碍因素和解决对策。 方法以主题词和自由词联合的方式对PubMed、Web of Science、Ovid MEDLINE、Ovid EMBASE(Excerpta Medica)、EBSCOhost Complete和Cochrane Library等已发表文献数据库，以及灰色文献数据库York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination、Open Grey、ProQuest Dissertation and Theses和Mednar进行系统、全面地检索，并采用Arksey和O′Malley提出的范围综述框架进行文献资料整合。 结果共纳入17项发达国家医学生器官捐献意愿研究。研究背景主要为医学生未来对于公众器官捐献有着重要影响。研究结果表明，大多数医学生器官捐献意愿性良好，但不同亚组的研究结果不一；其最主要的障碍因素为医学生器官捐献相关知识的缺乏；解决对策主要为施予系统化、结构化和可评价的教育课程。 结论21世纪以来发达国家医学生器官捐献意愿研究方兴未艾，其研究的多层面、多角度以及揭示的问题、寻求的解决对策，可对我国现阶段医学生器官捐献的研究提供一定参考。     

Vasovagal reactions after COVID-19 vaccination in Japan

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine administration started in February 2021 in Japan. As of December 2021, approximately 75% of the population aged ≥12 years had received two doses of vaccine. We conducted a study to investigate vasovagal reactions (VVR) after COVID-19 vaccination using data on adverse events following immunization. The crude reporting rate of VVR (cases/1,000,000 doses) after vaccination was 9.6 in all age groups combined, and was more frequent in the younger age groups: 28.6 and 37.2 in individuals aged 10–19 years and 20–29 years, respectively. In individuals aged 10–29 years, the rate was similar in males and females (33.0 and 34.2, respectively, p = 0.53); but was higher after dose 1 than after dose 2 (57.4 and 8.8, respectively, p < 0.001). Based on these results, caution needs to be exercised when vaccinating adolescents and young adults, especially with dose 1 of COVID-19 vaccines.     

Dietary patterns and the risk of abnormal blood lipids among young adults: A prospective cohort study

Background and aimsThe extent to which dietary patterns influence the risk of abnormal blood lipids throughout young adulthood remains unclear. The aim was to investigate whether early young adulthood dietary patterns predict the risk of abnormal blood lipids during later young adulthood.Methods and resultsWe used data from a long running birth cohort study in Australia. Western dietary pattern rich in meats, processed foods and high-fat dairy products and prudent pattern rich in fruit, vegetables, fish, nuts, whole grains and low-fat dairy products were derived using principal component analysis at the 21-year follow-up from dietary data obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. After 9-years, fasting blood samples of all participants were collected and their total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterols and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured. Abnormal blood lipids were based on clinical cut-offs for total, LDL and HDL cholesterols, and TG and relative distributions for total:HDL and TG:HDL cholesterols ratios. Log-binomial models were used to estimate risk of each outcome in relation to dietary patterns. Greater adherence to the Western pattern predicted increased risks of high LDL (RR: 1.47; 95%CI: 1.06, 2.03) and TG (1.90; 1.25, 2.86), and high ratios of total:HDL (1.48; 1.00, 2.19) and TG:HDL (1.78; 1.18, 2.70) cholesterols in fully adjusted models. Conversely, a prudent pattern predicted reduced risks of low HDL (0.58; 0.42, 0.78) and high TG (0.66; 0.47, 0.92) and high total:HDL (0.71; 0.51, 0.98) and TG:HDL (0.61; 0.45, 0.84) cholesterols ratios.ConclusionThis is the first prospective study to show greater adherence to unhealthy Western diet predicted increased risks of abnormal blood lipids, whereas healthy prudent diet predicted lower such risks in young adults. Addressing diets in early course may improve cardiovascular health of young adults.