Single-dose replicating poxvirus vector-based RBD vaccine drives robust humoral and T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection

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Hepatitis B and circadian rhythm of the liver

The circadian rhythm in humans is determined by the central clock located in the hypothalamus’s suprachiasmatic nucleus, and it synchronizes the peripheral clocks in other tissues. Circadian clock genes and clock-controlled genes exist in almost all cell types. They have an essential role in many physiological processes, including lipid metabolism in the liver, regulation of the immune system, and the severity of infections. In addition, circadian rhythm genes can stimulate the immune response of host cells to virus infection. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of liver disease and liver cancer globally. HBV infection depends on the host cell, and hepatocyte circadian rhythm genes are associated with HBV replication, survival, and spread. The core circadian rhythm proteins, REV-ERB and brain and muscle ARNTL-like protein 1, have a crucial role in HBV replication in hepatocytes. In addition to influencing the virus’s life cycle, the circadian rhythm also affects the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of antiviral vaccines. Therefore, it is vital to apply antiviral therapy at the appropriate time of day to reduce toxicity and improve the effectiveness of antiviral treatment. For these reasons, understanding the role of the circadian rhythm in the regulation of HBV infection and host responses to the virus provides us with a new perspective of the interplay of the circadian rhythm and anti-HBV therapy. Therefore, this review emphasizes the importance of the circadian rhythm in HBV infection and the optimization of antiviral treatment based on the circadian rhythm-dependent immune response.     

基于微流控核酸等温扩增的 登革病毒现场快速检测技术研究

[摘要]?目的?结合环介导等温扩增技术（loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP）和微流控芯片技术，建立一种适合现场快速检测登革病毒的方法。方法?利用RT-LAMP，针对登革病毒基因组中3’非编码区中特异性序列进行扩增，建立基于微流控芯片技术的LAMP检测方法，优化检测体系，并对该方法的灵敏性和特异性进行评估。结果?基于LAMP 和微流控芯片技术的登革病毒检测方法，通过对病毒模板进行扩增，发现与其他病毒无交叉反应，特异性良好；同时，结果显示该方法对登革病毒检测灵敏性可达61.2 pg/μl，与实时荧光定量PCR仪所达到的检测灵敏性一致。结论?基于LAMP和微流控芯片技术的登革病毒检测方法具有操作简单、快速、对设备要求低等优势,并且灵敏性、特异性均较好，是一种便于开展现场快速检测的方法。     

A candidate multi-epitope vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae induces robust humoral and cellular response in mice

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae, Mhp) are two of the most common pathogens involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) resulting in significant economic losses worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective approach to disease prevention. Since PRRSV and Mhp co-infections are very common, an efficient dual vaccine against these pathogens is required for the global swine industry. Compared with traditional vaccines, multi-epitope vaccines have several advantages, they are comparatively easy to produce and construct, are chemically stable, and do not have an infectious potential. In this study, to develop a safe and effective vaccine, B cell and T cell epitopes of PRRSV-GP5, PRRSV-M, Mhp-P46, and Mhp-P65 protein had been screened to construct a recombinant epitope protein rEP-PM that has good hydrophilicity, strong antigenicity, and high surface accessibility, and each epitope is independent and complete. After immunization in mice, rEP-PM could induce the production of high levels of antibodies, and it had good immunoreactivity with anti-rEP-PM, anti-PRRSV, and anti-Mhp antibodies. The anti-rEP-PM antibody specifically recognizes proteins from PRRSV and Mhp. Moreover, rEP-PM induced a Th1-dominant cellular immune response in mice. Our results showed that the rEP-PM protein could be a potential candidate for the development of a safe and effective multi-epitope peptide combined vaccine to control PRRSV and Mhp infections.     

Variability in non-core vaccination rates of dogs and cats in veterinary clinics across the United States

Vaccination guidelines for dogs and cats indicate that core vaccines (for dogs, rabies, distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus; for cats, feline parvovirus, herpes virus-1, calicivirus) are essential to maintain health, and that non-core vaccines be administered according to a clinician’s assessment of a pet’s risk of exposure and susceptibility to infection. A reliance on individual risk assessment introduces the potential for between-practice inconsistencies in non-core vaccine recommendations. A study was initiated to determine non-core vaccination rates of dogs (Leptospira, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine influenza virus) and cats (feline leukemia virus) in patients current for core vaccines in veterinary practices across the United States. Transactional data for 5,531,866 dogs (1,670 practices) and 1,914,373 cats (1,661 practices) were retrieved from practice management systems for the period November 1, 2016 through January 1, 2020, deidentified and normalized. Non-core vaccination status was evaluated in 2,798,875 dogs and 788,772 cats that were core-vaccine current. Nationally, median clinic vaccination rates for dogs were highest for leptospirosis (70.5%) and B. bronchiseptica (68.7%), and much lower for canine influenza (4.8%). In Lyme-endemic states, the median clinic borreliosis vaccination rate was 51.8%. Feline leukemia median clinic vaccination rates were low for adult cats (34.6%) and for kittens and 1-year old cats (36.8%). Individual clinic vaccination rates ranged from 0 to 100% for leptospirosis, B. bronchiseptica and feline leukemia, 0–96% for canine influenza, and 0–94% for borreliosis. Wide variation in non-core vaccination rates between clinics in similar geographies indicates that factors other than disease risk are driving the use of non-core vaccines in pet dogs and cats, highlighting a need for veterinary practices to address gaps in patient protection. Failure to implement effective non-core vaccination strategies leaves susceptible dogs and cats unprotected against vaccine-preventable diseases.     

New frontiers in applied veterinary point‐of‐capture diagnostics: Toward early detection and control of zoonotic influenza

Among the chief limitations in achieving early detection and control of animal‐origin influenza of pandemic potential in high‐risk livestock populations is the existing lag time between sample collection and diagnostic result. Advances in molecular diagnostics are permitting deployment of affordable, rapid, highly sensitive, and specific point‐of‐capture assays, providing opportunities for targeted surveillance driving containment strategies with potentially compelling returns on investment. Interrupting disease transmission at source holds promise of disrupting cycles of animal‐origin influenza incursion to endemicity and limiting impact on animal production, food security, and public health. Adoption of new point‐of‐capture diagnostics should be undertaken in the context of promoting robust veterinary services systems and parallel support for operationalizing pre‐authorized plans and communication strategies that will ensure that the full potential of these new platforms is realized.     

2010—2016年重庆市中毒病例流行病学特征及影响因素分析

对2010年1月—2016年7月重庆市中毒救治指定医疗机构收治的2 497例中毒患者进行回顾性分析。结果显示，中毒患者中男性1 230例（49.3%）、女性1 267例（50.7%）；分布最多的3个年龄段依次是41~50岁（18.5%）、≤10岁（16.4%）和21~30岁（13.0%）；死亡16例，病死率0.6%。中毒类型构成排前三位的是细菌（33.8%）、化学品（32.2%）、植物（14.8%）。中毒预后多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示重度中毒患者结局死亡的可能性是轻度患者的1 102倍。提示重庆市应重点关注农村地区41~50岁人群的细菌、化学品、药物中毒，同时应该加强儿童中毒防控工作。     

内脏利什曼病合并HIV感染患者诊断和治疗研究进展

内脏利什曼病是全球被忽视的传染病之一,危害严重。而利什曼原虫-人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)合并感染对流行地区造成的威胁更甚。利什曼原虫与HIV存在相互作用,合并感染者在临床表现、诊断及治疗方面具有一定特殊性,其病死率及复发率均高于HIV阴性的内脏利什曼病患者。本文对利什曼原虫-HIV合并感染患者的临床表现、诊断和治疗进展进行综述。     

疱疹病毒抗体阳性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿免疫状况及临床特征

目的探讨疱疹病毒抗体阳性的肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)患儿免疫状况及临床特征。方法回顾分析2015年1月—2017年5月收治的360例2个月～16岁因MPP住院的患儿临床资料,以EB病毒(EBV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)任一疱疹病毒IgM抗体阳性的162例患儿为抗体阳性组,另198例EBV、CMV、HSV抗体均阴性的患儿作为对照组,两组进行分析比较。结果 360例MPP患儿中男188例、女172例,合并疱疹病毒IgM抗体阳性162例,其中EBV IgM阳性97例,阳性率26.9%;CMV IgM阳性39例,阳性率10.8%;HSV IgM阳性97例,阳性率26.9%。所有患儿均未予抗病毒治疗,经治疗症状缓解好转出院。抗体阳性组重症MPP、大叶性实变、并发呼吸衰竭的比例均高于对照组,血清IgM、CD~(4+)T细胞、CD~(8+)T细胞、淋巴细胞、NK细胞、白细胞计数、乳酸脱氢酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶均高于对照组,大环内酯类抗生素使用时间长于对照组,使用激素率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。MPP合并2种病毒IgM抗体阳性者的血IgM和三酰甘油水平高于合并1种者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。合并3种病毒IgM抗体阳性者与合并1种者比较,住院时间、发热时间、大环内酯类抗生素使用时间均有延长,血IgM、丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平更高,重症MPP发生率增高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论疱疹病毒IgM抗体阳性MPP患儿的炎症反应强烈,临床症状重,病程长,并发症多,需更长时间的治疗。