Frequency of Consumption of Whole Fruit,Not Fruit Juice,Is Associated with Reduced Prevalence of Obesity in Korean Adults

BackgroundFruit consumption is known to be beneficial to health. However, the health benefits of fruit juice are controversial due to its high sugar content.ObjectivesTo examine the associations of frequency of consumption of whole fruit and fruit juice with obesity and metabolic syndrome.DesignThis cross-sectional study used data from the 2012-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.ParticipantsA total of 10,460 adults (4,082 men and 6,378 women) aged 19 to 64 years were included in the study.Main outcome measuresFrequency of consumption of whole fruit and fruit juice was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary sugar intake was calculated using a 24-hour recall. Obesity and abdominal obesity were determined using body mass index and waist circumference, respectively. Metabolic syndrome was defined on the basis of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III.Statistical analyses performedMultiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the associations between frequency of whole fruit or fruit juice consumption and obesity and metabolic syndrome abnormalities.ResultsThe percentage of participants who consumed whole fruit daily was 32.6%, whereas 52.3% consumed fruit juice rarely. The average intake of total sugars was 14.9% of total energy, which was within the recommend range (<20% of total energy) for Koreans. Consuming whole fruit ≥1 time/day was associated with reduced prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity, and elevated blood pressure compared with consuming whole fruit ≤1 time/wk. However, frequency of fruit juice consumption showed no association with obesity, abdominal obesity, and metabolic syndrome.ConclusionsFrequency of whole fruit consumption was associated with reduced prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome abnormalities among Korean adults with average total sugar intake within the recommended range.     

Diversity among Tacaribe serocomplex viruses (Family Arenaviridae) associated with the southern plains woodrat (Neotoma micropus)

The southern plains woodrat (Neotoma micropus) is the principal host of Catarina virus in southern Texas and a natural host of other North American Tacaribe serocomplex viruses. The objectives of this study were to increase our knowledge of the genetic diversity among Tacaribe serocomplex viruses associated with N. micropus and to define better the natural host relationships of these viruses. Pairwise comparisons of complete glycoprotein precursor gene sequences and complete nucleocapsid protein gene sequences revealed a high level of genetic diversity among Tacaribe serocomplex viruses associated with N. micropus in western Oklahoma, southern New Mexico, and northern and southern Texas. Collectively, the results of Bayesian analyses of nucleotide sequences and pairwise comparisons of amino acid sequences confirmed that the arenaviruses associated with N. micropus in Oklahoma and New Mexico should be included in the Whitewater Arroyo species complex, and indicated that that the arenaviruses associated with N. micropus in northern Texas are strains of a novel arenaviral species – tentatively named “Middle Pease River virus”. Together, the results of assays for arenavirus and assays for anti-arenavirus antibody in 54 southern plains woodrats and 325 other rodents captured at 2 localities suggested that the southern plains woodrat is the principal host of Middle Pease River virus in northern Texas.     

Achieving Best Practice: A Review of Evidence Linked to Occupation-Focused Practice Models

ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is to identify and synthesize evidence concerning the most widely used contemporary occupation-focused models including Ecology of human performance; Model of human occupation; Occupational adaptation; and Person–environment–occupational performance. The paper characterizes the amount and type of evidence. Evidence found includes illustrations of how the models can be applied to understand and address a particular problem or population, basic studies that test or expand theoretical concepts, psychometric studies, studies that document therapy outcomes, and studies that examine clinical reasoning and/or practice based on the models. The four models differed widely in the amount and type of evidence available.     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of corticosterone and corticosterone binding globulin are driven by environmental heterogeneity

The question of whether changes in glucocorticoid concentrations reflect consistent changes in physiology associated with transitions between different stages of reproduction, or whether they reflect responses to environmental conditions, is one the central issues in field endocrinology studies. We examined the temporal and spatial dynamics of corticosterone (CORT, baseline, and acute stress-induced) and corticosterone binding globulin (CBG) concentrations in blood of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) breeding at four major colonies in the Bering Sea, Alaska, during 1999-2005. We found that total CORT, free CORT, and CBG capacity varied inconsistently among reproductive stages, colonies, and years. Total CORT levels were positively correlated with CBG capacity. Variation in free CORT was largely driven by variation in total CORT. Results suggest that the adrenocortical function and CBG in breeding kittiwakes do not vary as a consequence of stage-specific modulation associated with a particular reproductive stage as in some short-lived passerine birds. Rather, in accord with predictions for a long-lived species, the lack of consistent colony, year, and reproductive stage patterns in baseline and maximum CORT, and CBG indicates that environmental factors, probably local dynamics of food availability, drive variation in these factors.     

中国医学革螨生态学研究现状

医学革螨是一大类非昆虫类节肢动物的统称,可以作为多种疾病的传播媒介.医学革螨生态学研究是革螨研究的一个重要组成部分.在很长的一段时间里,人们主要集中在革螨个体生态学的研究,忽视了对革螨种群生态学和群落生态学的研究,随着医学节肢动物研究的发展,革螨种群生态学和群落生态学的研究逐渐增多,并且革螨群落生态学的研究已成为中国革螨生态学研究的一个新的重要内容.该文结合国内关于革螨生态学研究的诸多文献报道,从个体生态学、种群生态学和群落生态学的不同层次,归纳总结了我国医学革螨生态学研究的动态、现状和进展,并指出了现阶段中国医学革螨生态学研究中存在的一些问题.     

利用偏最小二乘回归拟合耐药性结核病的总耐药率

[目的]探索偏最小二乘回归在结核病生态学研究中的应用,拟合耐药性结核病总耐药率的生态学预测模型。[方法]利用WHO第四次全球耐药结核病监测报告,将偏最小二乘回归和Bootstrap抽样相结合,对回归系数进行检验。[结果]最终得到的偏最小二乘回归方程为^Y=5.521+0.030X1+0.003X7+0.099X9-0.008X15+0.116X18。[结论]在结核病生态学研究中,利用偏最小二乘回归和Bootstrap回归系数假设检验相结合的向后筛选法,可以拟合耐药性结核病总耐药率。     

甘肃省喜马拉雅旱獭体外寄生蚤生态研究

本文报道了甘肃省１９５９￣１９９４年喜马拉雅旱獭体外寄生蚤、洞干蚤、巢蚤的组成及分布特点，旱獭死后体蚤离宿，地面游离蚤，洞干蚤人工杀灭后回升，蚤在动物间的交换，扩散等生态资料，为旱獭鼠疫疫区的处理提供参考。     

Changes in outlet densities affect violence rates

BACKGROUND: Previous assessments of empirical relationships between alcohol outlets and rates of interpersonal violence have been conducted using cross-sectional spatial data, data collected across small geographic units such as Census Tracts and zip codes. These assessments demonstrate that the availability of alcohol, measured by the number and types of alcohol outlets, is related to violence. These analyses have examined many potential confounds of the outlets-violence connection (i.e., population and place characteristics) and statistically corrected for biases that arise in analyses of spatial data. The current study contributes the first observation of longitudinal relationships between alcohol outlets and violence. METHOD: The study examined longitudinal data from 581 consistently defined zip code areas represented in the California Index Locations Database, a geographic information system that coordinates population and ecological data with spatial attributes for areas across the state. Six years of data were collected on features of local populations (e.g., household size) and places (e.g., retail markets) thought to be related to 1 measure of violence (i.e., hospital discharges related to violent assaults). Assault rates were related to changes in population and place characteristics using random effects models with controls for spatial autocorrelation (n x t = 3,486 observations). Changes in population and place characteristics of bordering (spatial lagged) areas were also considered. RESULTS: Lower median household income and greater percentages of minorities (African American, Hispanic, and Asian) were related to increased rates of violence. Ten percent increases in numbers of off-premise outlets and bars were related to 1.67 and 2.06% increases in violence rates across local and lagged spatial areas. Every 6 outlets accounted for 1 additional violent assault that resulted in at least 1 overnight stay at hospital. These effects increased with larger male populations, doubling with every 3% increase in percent males. CONCLUSION: Assault rates were most strongly related to median household incomes and minority populations within zip code areas. Controlling for changes in assault rates related to these measures, greater numbers of licensed alcohol retail establishments, especially bars and off-premise outlets, were related to rates of assault. Failures to regulate the growth in numbers of bars will increase rates of violence, especially in urban areas.