Conditioned taste aversions: generalization to taste mixtures

Rats were trained to take their daily water ration within a 30-min session, during which the number of licks per 10-sec presentation of a drinking tube could be recorded. During one of these sessions, one of three stimuli (sucrose, NaCl or HCl) was presented, followed by the administration of cyclophosphamide to produce a conditioned taste aversion. When tested with mixtures of the conditioned stimulus (CS) with the other two stimuli and also with quinine hydrochloride, the animals avoided mixtures containing the CS in proportion to its concentration in the mixture. Although the natural preferences and aversions for these stimuli interacted somewhat with the learned taste aversions, rats responded to the presence of a CS in a mixture and did not generalize to other stimuli not containing the CS. Thus, the generalization of conditioned taste aversions provides a good measure of the behavioral similarities among gustatory stimuli.     

Genomic congruence of Indo-European speaking tribes of western India with Dravidian-speaking populations of southern India: A study of 20 autosomal DNA markers

Background: Due to its geographic location, Gujarat has played a major role in assimilation of different cultures with those of the subcontinent of India and is home to a number of Indo-European speaking tribes.

Aim: This study examined the genetic structure and extent of gene differentiation in eight Indo-European speaking tribal populations of southern Gujarat in western India. It also determined if there was any residual effect of linguistic and cultural assimilation of Indo-European speaking groups on the genomic profile of the tribes under study.

Methods: Twenty autosomal DNA markers (Alu InDels and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms) were analysed.

Results and conclusions: Average heterozygosity levels were high and degree of gene differentiation (G_ST = 2%) was small, indicating that genetic drift may not have played a major role in bringing out a characteristic genetic differentiation in these groups. The genetic structure of the populations revealed that neither of these groups was overtly admixed nor completely isolated. Other analyses undertaken on the population affiliations revealed only a slight influence of Indo-European speaking populations on the tribal groups of Gujarat, but there was an overwhelming influence of Dravidian speaking groups of southern India, suggesting that genetic affinities may not necessarily be dependent on linguistic similarities.     

中美护理学科建制化过程异同比较

以中美两国护理学科建制化过程为研究对象,经过系统比较,发现两国护理学科建制化目标基本相同、起点基本一致、内容基本一致,但社会背景不同、过程长短不一、动力机制和方式不同,在护理教育、护理学术团体和机构、护理学术期刊、护理专家社会角色、护理技术创新和护理行业标准等方面的建制化程度不同。这些异同点可为我国制定护理学科发展战略提供参考。     

HPLC指纹图谱控制复方丹参片质量

目的采用双定性双定量相似度作为评价指标,建立复方丹参片(CSMT)HPLC指纹图谱的全质量控制方法。方法采用RP-HPLC法以Century SIL C18BDS柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以色谱指纹图谱指数F为目标函数优化选择指纹图谱检测条件,确定流动相组成是质量分数为1%的醋酸水溶液-质量分数为1%的醋酸甲醇溶液低压梯度洗脱,紫外检测波长290 nm,柱温(30.00±0.15)℃,进样量5μL。以双定性相似度均值和双定量相似度均值为参量通过对20批复方丹参片进行系统聚类分析确定用其中10批生成复方丹参片对照指纹图谱(RFP),以此RFP为标准对总计20批复方丹参片采用双定性双定量相似度法进行质量评价。结果以丹酚酸B(SAB)为参照物峰,确定40个指纹峰,建立了复方丹参片HPLC指纹图谱。用双定性相似度评价15批样品的化学成分数量和分布比例都合格,但其中仅8批双定量相似度合格,为质量完全合格品。其它7批含量明显偏低,生产时应根据双定量相似度偏低程度提高投料量或者适当增大服用剂量。其余5批都存在化学成分和分布比例不合格特征,有2批含量相似度合格和3批含量相似度明显偏低。结论在OTC中随机选择的20批复方丹参片,无明显的劣质品出现,若按指纹图谱技术控制则出现明显的质量差异,因此所建立的具有较好精密度和重现性的复方丹参片的HPLC指纹图谱,完全适用于复方丹参片的生产质量控制。试验证明了双定性双定量相似度法是宏观定性定量评价中药复方制剂质量的最理想和最客观的指纹图谱评价技术。     

拉曼光谱法快速鉴别人血白蛋白

目的:建立快速鉴别人血白蛋白的拉曼光谱法。方法:采集不同产家不同批次人血白蛋白的拉曼光谱图,建立人血白蛋白的特征拉曼光谱图,将采集的样品拉曼光谱图与特征拉曼光谱图进行比对分析,结合拉曼光谱峰位移频率和峰强度的相似度计算结果,以判断人血白蛋白样品的真假伪劣。结果:从市场监督抽取的人血白蛋白注射剂中,采集到与标准光谱图不一样的样品拉曼光谱,判断其为假人血白蛋白,此法所得的结果与采用中国药典2010年版三部中方法得到的结果一致。结论:结果表明拉曼光谱法可作快速鉴别真假人血白蛋白的有效方法。     

Comparative study of early metabolic events resulting from the administration of the two diabetogenic agents alloxan and streptozotocin

Abstract In this study it was demonstrated that comparable doses of streptozotocin and alloxan produced similar degrees of pancreatic insulin depletion 48 hours after intravenous injection into rats. The metabolic status of animals injected with either streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) or alloxan (60 mg/kg) was assessed prior to and 24 and 48 hours after injection. Metabolic changes consistent with the induction of acute diabetes were observed after both agents. No qualitative differences were revealed between the responses to the two drugs as reflected by plasma glucose, FFA, glycerol and triglyceride responses and by changes in FFA and glycerol release in vitro. This applied whether the animals were fed ad libitum or were restricted to glucose as the sole caloric source. These results indicate that potential extrapancreatic toxic effects of alloxan and streptozotocin do not significantly interfere with the acute diabetic metabolic changes induced by these agents and that these changes, over the first 48 hours, were primarily a consequence of β-cell destruction and insulin deficiency. —- Comparison of the effects of the differing dietary regimes indicates that both endogenous and exogenous triglyceride contribute to the hypertriglyceridaemia of the acute diabetes induced by both agents. Higher plasma triglyceride concentrations were observed in streptozotocin than in alloxan treated animals fed a free diet but this difference was not evident when the diet was replaced by glucose. Such quantitative differences in the metabolic responses to the two agents could be explained on the basis of the observed variation in the rate of pancreatic insulin depletion and/or variations in food intake.     

量子中医学、中医学、西医学的异同

中医学基于中国文化背景源于两千多年前的中国,其哲学观为有机、辨证唯物主义,以取象思维为主,方法为思辨;西医学基于古希腊文化背景源于400多年前的欧洲,其哲学观为机械唯物主义,以逻辑思维为主,方法为还原分析;量子中医学是中医现代化研究的成果,用量子理论等现代理论转化中医理论而成,其哲学观为有机、辩证唯物主义,以逻辑思维为主,方法为还原分析、综合。中医学的支撑学科为中国古哲学,西医学的支撑学科为经典物理、化学等近代科学学科,量子中医学的支撑学科为量子理论等现代科学学科。中医学诊断以定性为主,西医学和量子中医学诊断以定量为主。中医学和量子中医学以天然中药、针灸等治疗方法为主,主要是调整机体状态治未病;西医学以化学药物、手术等治疗方法为主,主要是直接控制逆施性对抗疗法,治已病。认识三者之间的差异,寻求三者的共同点和可以交融的契合点,对医学研究、临床诊治及医学的发展具有重要的现实意义。     

《备急千金要方》与《千金翼方》妇人卷比较

《备急千金要方》和《千金翼方》为唐代医学家孙思邈所著,《千金翼方》系其为补充《备急千金要方》而作,全书30卷。《备急千金要方》中首列"妇人方"三卷,《千金翼方》将"妇人"内容增至四卷,且两书皆将"妇人"卷置于众病之首,足见孙思邈对妇科的重视。本文对两书"妇人"卷的篇目和内容进行了比较,两书相同篇目13个,《千金翼方》新增篇目12个,两书相同篇目与新增篇目内容又有同有异;《千金翼方》重复《备急千金要方》"妇人"方228首,新增方119首;另外篇目分类亦有调整,如"产后心闷"篇中4首方皆选自《千金要方》"产难"篇。