后腹腔镜肾根治性切除术中肾标本取出方法的探索

目的探讨一次性切口保护套在后腹腔镜肾根治性切除术中的应用及标本取出效率。方法回顾性分析本院2018年12月至2019年6月接受后腹腔镜肾根治性切除术的37例肾癌患者的临床资料。根据手术后标本取出体外的方法分为观察组(18例)和对照组(19例),观察组使用一次性切口保护套,对照组则使用传统自制标本袋;观察比较两组患者标本的取出时间和置入次数等指标。结果观察组与对照组的标本取出时间分别为(225.94±47.04)、(508.84±45.81)s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组中有17例患者标本一次性顺利取出,1例因肿瘤较大,取出困难,经延长切口后顺利取出,所有标本完整均未破裂;对照组中有17例患者标本一次性顺利取出,另外2例患者经适当延长切口后取出,所有标本完整均未破裂。两组置入次数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后随访1年发现,所有患者均未出现癌细胞经手术切口种植转移的情况。结论在后腹腔镜肾根治性切除术中运用一次性切口保护套来辅助取标本,其手术时间短、操作简单,易上手,具有实用价值,值得临床推广应用。     

结直肠癌患者报告结局评估工具及临床应用的研究进展

目前结直肠癌患者的生存时间已逐渐延长,但癌症及治疗会对其带来诸多困扰。结直肠癌患者报告结局注重患者身心体验的评估,有助于医护人员发现其健康困扰,给予针对性处理。该文综述了国内外结直肠癌领域主要的患者报告结局评估工具及其临床应用情况,比较分析了现有工具的内容特点、存在的问题,提出了未来的研究方向,以期为国内结直肠癌患者报告结局评估工具的应用、开发及临床实践提供参考依据。     

双特异性抗体研究进展

抗体药物具有特异性高、不良反应少的特点，已成为肿瘤治疗的热点。双特异性抗体（双抗）是指同时结合2个不同抗原或同一抗原2个表位的抗体。与单特异性抗体相比，双抗具有高度特异性，增强了治疗有效性和安全性，同时减少了不良反应。已有多种双抗药物获批上市，进入临床研究的双抗药物数量不断增加。双抗药物的形式持续在更新，应用范围也在扩大，在未来具有非常好的应用前景。此文就目前已有的双抗类型、作用机制及目前双抗制备上面临的困难等进行概述。     

Current standards and future perspectives in adjuvant treatment for biliary tract cancers

Biliary tract cancer, including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) are rare tumours with a rising incidence. Prognosis is poor, since most patients are diagnosed with advanced disease. Only ~20% of patients are diagnosed with early-stage disease, suitable for curative surgery. Despite surgery performed with potentially-curative intent, relapse rates are high, with around 60–70% of patients expected to have disease recurrence. Most relapses occur in the form of distant metastases, with a predominance of liver spread. In view of high tumour recurrence, adjuvant strategies have been explored for many years, in the form of radiotherapy, chemo-radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Historically, few randomised trials were available, which included a variety of additional tumours (e.g. pancreatic and ampullary tumours); most evidence relied on phase II and retrospective studies, with no high-quality evidence available to define the real benefit derived from adjuvant strategies.Since 2017, three randomised phase III clinical trials have been reported; all recruited patients with resected biliary tract cancer (CCA and GBC) who were randomised to observation alone, or chemotherapy in the form of gemcitabine (BCAT study; included patients diagnosed with extrahepatic CCA only), gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (PRODIGE-12/ACCORD-18; included patients diagnosed with CCA and GBC) or capecitabine (BILCAP; included patients diagnosed with CCA and GBC). While gemcitabine-based chemotherapy failed to show an impact on patient outcome (relapse-free survival (RFS) or overall survival (OS)), the BILCAP study showed a benefit from adjuvant capecitabine in terms of OS (pre-planned sensitivity analysis in the intention-to-treat population and in the per-protocol analysis), with confirmed benefit in terms of RFS. Based on the BILCAP trial, international guidelines recommend adjuvant capecitabine for a period of six months following potentially curative resection of CCA as the current standard of care for resected CCA and GBC. However, BILCAP failed to show OS benefit in the intention-to-treat (non-sensitivity analysis) population (primary end-point), and this finding, as well as some inconsistencies between studies has been criticised and has led to confusion in the biliary tract cancer medical community.This review summarises the adjuvant field in biliary tract cancer, with evidence before and after 2017, and comparison between the latest randomised phase III studies. Potential explanations are presented for differential findings, and future steps are explored.     

程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1在结直肠癌免疫治疗中的研究进展

近年来,抗程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(PD-1)药物在转移性结直肠癌患者错配修复缺陷治疗中的成功使得该疾病的免疫治疗得以重视。然而,失配修复缺陷的结直肠癌患者仅占结肠癌患者的一部分。目前的研究重点是将免疫治疗应用到疾病的早期阶段,包括辅助一线治疗,以及检测免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的敏感性。然而,哪些患者能够从该免疫治疗中获益仍是值得商榷的问题,因为这类药物具有自身免疫毒性。PD-1的配体之一程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1(PD-L1)作为一种检测生物标记物,其检测可以通过免疫组化来实现。但其免疫组化的检测存在一些混杂因素,包括应用不同的检测抗体、不同的免疫组化临界值、肿瘤组织的采集准备方式不同、处理过程的不同、原发与继发的活检标本、肿瘤源性或诱导的PD-L1表达,以及肿瘤与免疫细胞的染色等。目前的结果表明,免疫组化检测肿瘤过表达PD-L1的患者在接受抗PD-L1治疗时临床效果更理想,而有些低表达的肿瘤也对该治疗有所缓解,这使PD-L1的分析中存在复杂性。阐明宿主免疫系统与肿瘤微环境的机制则能够更好地解释针对PD-L1药物是否让患者受益。     

多原发结直肠癌的临床特征和预后

目的探讨多原发结直肠癌的临床特征和预后。方法回顾性分析南京医科大学第一附属医院2013年1月至2018年12月收治的42例多原发结直肠癌患者的临床资料,对其临床病理特征、诊治及预后进行总结。结果符合多原发结直肠癌诊断的患者42例,占同期收治的所有结直肠癌患者的1.20%(42/3499),病理类型以腺癌为主。其中,同时性多原发癌32例,年龄38~86岁,中位年龄66岁,共发现73处结直肠癌灶,多位于近端结肠、乙状结肠及直肠;共检出淋巴结527枚,阳性10枚(1.9%),淋巴结阳性患者占同时性多原发癌的37.5%(12/32);27例为双原发癌,3例为三原发癌,2例为五原发癌;1、3年总生存率分别为83.75%和74.38%。异时性多原发癌10例,年龄33~86岁,第一癌多位于直肠和乙状结肠区域,第二癌多位于升结肠区域;共检出淋巴结276枚,阳性率12.3%(34枚),1、3年总生存率分别为100.00%和66.67%。结论多原发结直肠癌在临床上不少见,其分布有一定规律。临床中应引起重视,提高早期诊断率。应早期手术治疗以提高患者的生存率。     

Lymphatic spread of T2 gallbladder carcinoma: Regional lymphadenectomy is required independent of tumor location

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the incidence and distribution of regional lymph node metastasis according to tumor location, and to clarify whether tumor location could determine the extent of regional lymphadenectomy in patients with pathological T2 (pT2) gallbladder carcinoma.MethodsIn total, 81 patients with pT2 gallbladder carcinoma (25 with pT2a tumors and 56 with pT2b tumors) who underwent radical resection were enrolled. Tumor location was determined histologically in each gallbladder specimen.ResultsSurvival after resection was significantly worse in patients with pT2b tumors than those with pT2a tumors (5-year survival, 72% vs. 96%; p = 0.027). Tumor location was an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 14.162; p = 0.018). The incidence of regional lymph node metastasis was significantly higher in patients with pT2b tumors than in those with pT2a tumors (46% vs. 20%; p = 0.028). However, the number of positive nodes was similar between the two groups (median, 2 vs. 2; p = 0.910). For node-positive patients with pT2b tumors, metastasis was found in every regional node group (12%–63%), whereas even for node-positive patients with pT2a tumors, metastasis was observed in regional node groups outside the hepatoduodenal ligament.ConclusionsTumor location in patients with pT2 gallbladder carcinoma can predict the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastasis but not the number and anatomical distribution of positive regional lymph nodes. The extent of regional lymphadenectomy should not be changed even in patients with pT2a tumors, provided that they are fit enough for surgery.