微创治疗方法在输尿管上段结石中应用进展

输尿管上段结石为临床中常见泌尿系结石类型之一,如不能及时诊治,可引起重度积水、泌尿系感染,甚至脓毒血症,对患者肾功能、健康造成严重影响。随着微创治疗技术在泌尿系结石中应用,微创治疗方法能降低对患者造成治疗性创伤,降低相关并发症发生率,促进患者康复,了解临床中微创治疗输尿管上段结石方法,对临床中合理治疗输尿管上段结石有重要价值。     

Physical laws of cholesterol gallstone fragmentation

Efficient fragmentation is the most important prerequisite for successful treatment of gallstones by extracorporeally induced shock waves. No data are available on the amount of energy necessary for stone disintegration and on the threshold energy below which no further fragmentation occurs. We therefore performed an in vitro investigation on human cholesterol gallstones to elucidate physical laws governing shock-wave lithotripsy. First, the focal pressure of the lithotripter was measured to calculate the energy traversing a stone. Second, 96 gallstones from 16 gall bladders were analysed with respect to physicochemical composition, radiological features and ultrasound before fragmentation was performed. Energy for stone disintegration was constant within each stone family but varied between 4.6 J mL^?1 and 36.8 J mL^?1 in different families. This energy correlated linearly with stone volume. None of the radiological and physicochemical factors revealed a clear-cut correlation of the different energies necessary for similar stone disintegration. The threshold energy differed between 0.26 mJ and 1.04 mJ per pulse. In conclusion, stone volume was the best parameter predicting stone fragmentation. However, in cholesterol stones with a similar composition the required energy per volume varies considerably together with the threshold energy. Radiological and ultrasound parameters appear to be of minor importance in explaining these differences.     

URL结合微创PCNL治疗严重输尿管石街

目的：总结输尿管镜取石术（URL）结合微创经皮肾穿刺取石术（mini-PCNL)治疗严重输尿管石街的经验。方法：对45列严重输尿管石街（平均长14.3cm)采用输尿管镜下用气压弹道碎石器将结石上推到肾盂后再结合mini-PCNL顺行取石。结果：所有病例均一次性取尽输尿管内结石，且无输尿管穿孔，狭窄及大出血等并发症发生。结论：URL结合微创PCNL治疗严重输尿管石街，不仅显著缩短了手术时间，降低输尿管损伤的风险性，也可同时处理肾内结石，是一较佳手术方法。     

经皮肾镜超声弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的：探讨经皮肾镜超声弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效。方法：采用经皮肾镜联合EMS Ⅲ代超声弹道碎石清石系统治疗48例复杂性肾结石患者，完全性鹿角状结石12例，部分鹿角状结石30例，多发性结石6例。结石直径2．0～6．5cm，平均2．8cm。结果：48例患者中，43例Ⅰ期取净结石；5例完全性鹿角状结石者术后2个月仍有结石残留，结石直径均小于1．0cm，辅助施行ESWL后排净。结石粉碎率100％，结石清除率89．6％（43／48）。手术时间50～120min，平均70min，平均出血量50ml。无严重并发症发生。术后随访3～6个月，肾功能均有不同程度改善。结论：经皮肾镜下使用EMSⅢ代碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石，具有高效、可靠、安全、损伤小、出血少及恢复快等优点，可以作为目前治疗复杂性肾结石的首选方法。     

低能级体外冲击波碎石治疗肾鹿角形结石

目的探讨低能级体外冲击波碎石(extracorporeal shock wave lithortripsy,ESWL)治疗肾鹿角形结石的效果. 方法对18例鹿角形结石进行体外冲击波治疗.碎石能级1～3级,冲击次数1 800～3 000次,脉冲间隔60 ～80次/min,工作电压10～12.75 kV. 若结石直径>3 cm,在碎石前预先插入双J管,防止石街形成.对直径>4 mm的残余结石,再次行ESWL,直至结石完全消失. 结果所有病人耐受良好,治疗结束能自行回家.除1例碎石失败外,余17例经ESWL治疗成功.治疗3～9次,至完全排除结石.66例次(66/77,85.7%)术后有1～2次肉眼血尿.5例出现石街,长1.9～5.2 cm,4例石街经再次碎石成功,1例输尿管镜取石. 结论低能级ESWL治疗肾鹿角形结石是一种安全、有效的方法.     

Three-dimensional assessment of urinary stone on non-contrast helical computed tomography as the predictor of stonestreet formation after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for stones smaller than 20 mm

The incidence of stonestreet formation after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) rises with increasing stone burden. However, stonestreet after ESWL is often experienced even in stones smaller than 20 mm. To examine whether the non-contrast helical computed tomography (CT) data could predict stonestreet formation in these stones, 53 radiopaque stones of 5-20 mm treated with ESWL were evaluated. Maximal dimension was measured on plain radiograph. From an attenuation value histogram graphed from the CT data, total stone volume and mean attenuation value were calculated. Seven stonestreets longer than 25 mm developed. There was no significant difference in maximal dimension and total stone volume between stones that did and stones that did not develop stonestreet. Mean attenuation value was the sole significant predictive factor. Application of mean attenuation value with cut-off level of 650 HU would anticipate stonestreet formation with a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 71.7%. The estimated risk of stonestreet formation is high in the treatment of stones with higher mean attenuation value.     

单用体外震波碎石治疗尿路结石的体会

本文报道1988年6月～11月,单独应用上海交通大学电力工程系研制的JT—ESWL—Ⅱ型体外震波碎石机,治疗尿路结石506例,其中肾结石304例(双侧12例)输尿管结石199例(双侧5例),膀胱结石3例。冲击能量15～40焦耳,每次治疗冲击波次数为400～2800次。本组无开放手术、无肾脏丧失、无死亡。效果满意者96.44％。其并发症主要有血尿、结石串。作者认为单用ESWL治疗小于3Cm的尿路结石安全可靠、无严重并发症。文中对单用体外震波碎石(ESWL)治疗尿路结石病例选择,如何减少并发症,提高治疗效果进行了讨论。     

经皮肾穿气压弹道碎石联合体外冲击波碎石治疗上尿路结石

目的 探讨提高上尿路结石碎石成功率的微创治疗方法。方法 采用经皮肾穿微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石，术中放置双J管，术后配合体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗上尿路结石48例。结果 结石总排净率为89．1％，结石最小排净率79．2％，无严重并发症发生。结论 该方法结石排净率高，创伤较小，手术并发症少，是上尿路结石较为理想的微创治疗方法。     

肾盏切开联合经肾实质气压弹道碎石治疗复杂鹿角形结石

目的探讨肾盏切开联合经肾实质气压弹道碎石治疗复杂鹿角形结石的疗效。方法电刀切开积水较重的肾盏,气压弹道碎石杆对准结石碎石后分块取出。盏颈口狭窄但肾盏积水不严重者,将直径1 mm气压弹道碎石杆于肾实质处刺入结石位置,将肾盏内结石击碎后从盏颈口取出。结果19例均未阻断肾蒂,手术时间90-150 min,平均120 min。术中出血量100-250 ml,未输血。17例一次取石成功,术后无结石残余;1例术中残余泥沙状结石,术后经肾造瘘管冲洗引流排出;1例肾盏结石术中取石遗漏,术后经ESWL碎石后排净结石。15例随访10-60个月,平均18个月,结石复发2例,体外震波碎石后排净结石。结论肾盏切开联合经肾实质气压弹道碎石治疗复杂性鹿角形结石出血少,疗效可靠。     

双频激光碎石在腔镜外科难取性胆管结石中的应用(附23例报告)

目的探讨双频激光碎石治疗腔镜外科难取性胆管结石的疗效及安全性. 方法 2002年1月～2004年6月,对23例难取性胆管结石进行双频激光碎石治疗.其中腹腔镜胆道探查术中应用14例,术后胆道镜取石中应用9例. 结果 19例取净胆管中结石,结石取净率为82.6%(19/23),无胆管损伤、窦道损伤等并发症. 结论双频激光碎石具有创伤小、效率高、并发症少的优点,对腔镜外科难取性胆管结石是一种可选择的有效方法.