Multiomic analysis reveals conservation of cancer-associated fibroblast phenotypes across species and tissue of origin

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基于弥散张量成像的脑白质微结构分析方法在视路损伤中的应用进展

视觉通路包括视神经、视交叉、视束、视放射及视皮质。常规磁共振检查技术难以发现视路损伤后白质纤维微结构改变,眼科学检查也存在一定的局限性及主观性,且不能探测后视路的变化。弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)作为一种新兴的磁共振成像技术,通过各种后处理分析方法结合不同的参数进行分析,可提供组织的微结构信息,并能够直观显示活体白质纤维束,在无创地探索疾病的神经病理机制、评估预后方面起着重要的作用。近年来随着DTI后处理方法的不断创新,其在视路损伤中的研究越来越多。本文在介绍DTI的主要参数及常见脑白质微结构分析方法的同时,阐述了其在视路损伤研究中的应用,并进一步对各种分析方法的优缺点进行总结。     

How effective has the Spanish lockdown been to battle COVID-19? A spatial analysis of the coronavirus propagation across provinces

This paper examines the propagation of COVID-19 across the Spanish provinces and assesses the effectiveness of the Spanish lockdown of the population implemented on March 14, 2020 in order to battle this pandemic. To achieve these objectives, a standard spatial econometric model used in economics is adapted to resemble the popular reproduction models employed in the epidemiological literature. In addition, we introduce a counterfactual exercise that allows us to examine the Gross domestic product (GDP) gains of bringing forward the date of the Spanish Lockdown. We find that the number of COVID-19 cases would have been reduced by 70.4% in the absence of spatial propagation between the Spanish provinces. We also determine that the lockdown prevented the propagation of the virus within and between provinces. As such, the Spanish lockdown reduced the number of potential COVID-19 cases by 82.8%. However, the number of coronavirus cases would have been reduced by an additional 11.6% if the lockdown had been brought forward to March 7, 2020. Finally, an earlier lockdown would have saved approximately 26,900,000,000 euros.     

云南省三州(市)6～11岁城市流动儿童的忽视现状研究

目的 了解云南省三地区城市流动儿童的忽视现况及主要原因,为有效减少其发生制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法 根据经济及教育水平等因素,2020年9—12月采用多阶段分层整群抽样,抽取昆明市、大理州和临沧市3个地区为调查点,采用《中国城市儿童青少年忽视评价常模量表》,对1 193名学生进行相关调查。结果 云南省三地区6～11岁城市流动儿童总忽视率40.7%(486/1 193),其中城市流动儿童忽视率为40.80%(393/963);非城市流动儿童忽视率为40.4%(93/230)。城市流动儿童男童各层面忽视率大于女童,其中安全层面有统计学意义(χ²=4.417,P<0.05)。不同民族中除医疗层面外,汉族忽视率都高于少数民族,其中身体(χ²=6.963,P<0.05)和情感(χ²=6.850,P<0.05)差异有统计学意义。与云南省农村儿童、中国农村留守儿童、全国儿童相应指标比较,云南省城市流动儿童忽视度较低,差异有统计学意义(6~8岁t=20.281、19.153、13.616,P<0.001;9~11岁t=7.075、13.101、8.047,P<0.001)。结论 云南省三州(市)6~11岁城市流动儿童忽视情况较十年前有所缓解,针对流动儿童实施的相关政策效果逐步显现。家庭教育模式有所转变,“父母教育卷入”使“子女随父母进城务工”逐渐被“父母随子女进城读书”所替代,但是针对低龄流动儿童的社会融合和适应相关问题应持续关注;民族教育层面下儿童忽视率性别差异更小,学校与家庭教育应因地制宜,注重亲子参与。     

Socioeconomic deprivation is inversely associated with measles incidence: a longitudinal small-area analysis,Germany, 2001 to 2017

BackgroundAlthough measles is endemic throughout the World Health Organization European Region, few studies have analysed socioeconomic inequalities and spatiotemporal variations in the disease’s incidence.AimTo study the association between socioeconomic deprivation and measles incidence in Germany, while considering relevant demographic, spatial and temporal factors.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal small-area analysis using nationally representative linked data in 401 districts (2001–2017). We used spatiotemporal Bayesian regression models to assess the potential effect of area deprivation on measles incidence, adjusted for demographic and geographical factors, as well as spatial and temporal effects. We estimated risk ratios (RR) for deprivation quintiles (Q1–Q5), and district-specific adjusted relative risks (ARR) to assess the area-level risk profile of measles in Germany.ResultsThe risk of measles incidence in areas with lowest deprivation quintile (Q1) was 1.58 times higher (95% credible interval (CrI): 1.32–2.00) than in those with highest deprivation (Q5). Areas with medium-low (Q2), medium (Q3) and medium-high deprivation (Q4) had higher adjusted risks of measles relative to areas with highest deprivation (Q5) (RR: 1.23, 95%CrI: 0.99–1.51; 1.05, 95%CrI: 0.87–1.26 and 1.23, 95%CrI: 1.05–1.43, respectively). We identified 54 districts at medium-high risk for measles (ARR > 2) in Germany, of which 22 were at high risk (ARR > 3).ConclusionSocioeconomic deprivation in Germany, one of Europe’s most populated countries, is inversely associated with measles incidence. This association persists after demographic and spatiotemporal factors are considered. The social, spatial and temporal patterns of elevated risk require targeted public health action and policy to address the complexity underlying measles epidemiology.     

中药材产业扶贫的空间格局及其主要影响因素探讨

通过对"全国中药资源普查及种质共享数据专题服务——中药材产业扶贫"数据资料及"康美中药网——中药全产业链服务平台"各贫困地区中药材资源信息的整理分析,构建中国贫困地区的中药材种植面积、产值等数据库,利用ArcGIS软件绘制贫困地区中药材种植情况空间分布图,从中发掘和总结当前我国中药材产业扶贫的空间格局特征和发展规律。在此基础上,通过参考"中国减贫数据库"及"国务院扶贫开发领导小组办公室"的相关报告,综合分析影响中药材产业扶贫成效的主要因素,并提出相应的建议,以期对贫困地区开展中药材产业扶贫工作提供参考。     

The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors,Coverage and Access to Health on Heart Ischemic Disease Mortality in a Brazilian Southern State: A Geospatial Analysis

Background:No other disease has killed more than ischemic heart disease (IHD) for the past few years globally. Despite the advances in cardiology, the response time for starting treatment still leads patients to death because of the lack of healthcare coverage and access to referral centers.Objectives:To analyze the spatial disparities related to IHD mortality in the Parana state, Brazil.Methods:An ecological study using secondary data from Brazilian Health Informatics Department between 2013–2017 was performed to verify the IHD mortality. An spatial analysis was performed using the Global Moran and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) to verify the spatial dependency of IHD mortality. Lastly, multivariate spatial regression models were also developed using Ordinary Least Squares and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to identify socioeconomic indicators (aging, income, and illiteracy rates), exam coverage (catheterization, angioplasty, and revascularization rates), and access to health (access index to cardiologists and chemical reperfusion centers) significantly correlated with IHD mortality. The chosen model was based on p < 0.05, highest adjusted R² and lowest Akaike Information Criterion.Results:A total of 22,920 individuals died from IHD between 2013–2017. The spatial analysis confirmed a positive spatial autocorrelation global between IDH mortality rates (Moran’s I: 0.633, p < 0.01). The LISA analysis identified six high-high pattern clusters composed by 66 municipalities (16.5%). GWR presented the best model (Adjusted R²: 0.72) showing that accessibility to cardiologists and chemical reperfusion centers, and revascularization and angioplasty rates differentially affect the IHD mortality rates geographically. Aging and illiteracy rate presented positive correlation with IHD mortality rate, while income ratio presented negative correlation (p < 0.05).Conclusion:Regions of vulnerability were unveiled by the spatial analysis where sociodemographic, exam coverage and accessibility to health variables impacted differently the IHD mortality rates in Paraná state, Brazil.Highlights

• The increase in ischemic heart disease mortality rates is related to geographical disparities.
• The IHD mortality is differentially associated to socioeconomic factors, exam coverage, and access to health.
• Higher accessibility to chemical reperfusion centers did not necessarily improve patient outcomes in some regions of the state.
• Clusters of high mortality rate are placed in regions with low amount of cardiologists, income and schooling.

     

Hippocampal and prefrontal contributions to memory retrieval: Examination of immediate early gene,NMDA receptor and environmental interactions

Animals can use a range of strategies to recall important locations. These include simple stimulus–response strategies and more complex spatial (place) strategies, which are thought to have distinct neural substrates. The hippocampus—and NMDA receptor activation therein—is considered to be crucial for spatial, but not response strategies. The medial prefrontal cortex has also been implicated in memory retrieval; however, evidence concerning its specific role is equivocal. Both hippocampal and prefrontal regions have been associated with flexible behavioural responding (e.g. when task demands change). Here, we investigated the use of spatial and non‐spatial strategies in the Morris water maze and their associated brain areas in rats using immediate early gene (IEG) imaging of Zif268 and c‐Fos. Specifically, we charted the involvement of hippocampal and prefrontal subregions during retrieval of spatial and non‐spatial memories. Behavioural flexibility was also examined using intact and partial cue configurations during recall. Results indicated that regions of both the hippocampus (area CA3) and prefrontal cortex (anterior cingulate cortex) were preferentially engaged in spatial memory recall compared to response learning. In addition, both spatial and non‐spatial memories were dependent on NMDA receptor activation. MK801 impaired recall performance across all groups and reduced IEG activation across hippocampal and prefrontal regions. Finally, IEG results revealed divergent patterns of Zif268 and c‐Fos activity and support the suggestion that Zif268 plays a functional role in the recall of long‐term memories.     

The role of replay and theta sequences in mediating hippocampal‐prefrontal interactions for memory and cognition

Sequential activity is seen in the hippocampus during multiple network patterns, prominently as replay activity during both awake and sleep sharp‐wave ripples (SWRs), and as theta sequences during active exploration. Although various mnemonic and cognitive functions have been ascribed to these hippocampal sequences, evidence for these proposed functions remains primarily phenomenological. Here, we briefly review current knowledge about replay events and theta sequences in spatial memory tasks. We reason that in order to gain a mechanistic and causal understanding of how these patterns influence memory and cognitive processing, it is important to consider how these sequences influence activity in other regions, and in particular, the prefrontal cortex, which is crucial for memory‐guided behavior. For spatial memory tasks, we posit that hippocampal‐prefrontal interactions mediated by replay and theta sequences play complementary and overlapping roles at different stages in learning, supporting memory encoding and retrieval, deliberative decision making, planning, and guiding future actions. This framework offers testable predictions for future physiology and closed‐loop feedback inactivation experiments for specifically targeting hippocampal sequences as well as coordinated prefrontal activity in different network states, with the potential to reveal their causal roles in memory‐guided behavior.