儿童结核病的合理用药

结核病是严重危害儿童健康的重要传染性疾病，儿童结核病的发病率影响未来成人结核患者的数量，重视儿童结核病对疾病控制具有重要意义，要控制和消灭结核病，必须十分重视儿童结核病的防治，然而不规范的治疗将直接影响治疗效果，该文就儿童结核病的合理用药进行阐述。     

Tuberculosis during lung cancer treatment-A case series

This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of patients with lung cancer undergoing treatment until the onset of tuberculosis. Between 2005 and 2019, patients who were admitted to Tokyo National Hospital due to tuberculosis during lung cancer treatment were examined retrospectively. There were 42 patients, and detailed medical information was obtained in 39 patients. The median age of the 39 patients were 75 years (range: 47–92 years), of which 33 were males and 36 were Japanese Baby Boomers or older. Regarding risk factors for developing tuberculosis, smoking was noted in 34 cases, oral corticosteroid use in 13, and previous tuberculosis in six. Thirty-seven patients had one risk factor and 19 had two or more risk factors, but diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was obtained in only one patients, and none had received LTBI treatment. The first-line treatment for lung cancer was resection in 13 cases, chemoradiotherapy in 6, chemotherapy in 10, radiation therapy in 3, laser therapy in 1, and best supportive care (BSC) alone in 6. At tuberculosis onset, BSC accounted for 17 cases, but other situations were considerably existed such as anticancer medication (12 cases), and observation after lung cancer treatment (10 cases). Tuberculosis occurred in various situations in elderly patients with lung cancer. It is critical to actively evaluate the risk of tuberculosis and consider LTBI screening and treatment.     

HIV/AIDS患者结核潜伏感染的影响因素研究

背景 结核病是导致人免疫缺陷病毒/获得性免疫缺陷综合征（HIV/AIDS）患者死亡的首要原因，而HIV感染也是导致结核潜伏感染（LTBI）发展为结核病的主要危险因素。因此，对HIV/AIDS患者进行LTBI筛查和治疗是预防该类人群结核病的发生从而减少其死亡的重要举措。 目的 对宁夏回族自治区银川市市区内HIV/AIDS患者进行LTBI筛查，并分析其影响因素，识别高危人群，为HIV/AIDS患者结核病的预防性治疗提供科学依据。 方法 选取2021年3—8月于宁夏回族自治区银川市市区内定点管理单位治疗的546例HIV/AIDS患者为研究对象。通过现场问卷调查及查阅患者管理档案的方式收集HIV/AIDS患者的一般资料，其中一般人口学特征包括性别、年龄、民族、学历、婚姻状况、家庭人均年收入、职业类型、体质指数（BMI）、吸烟情况、饮酒情况等；临床资料包括慢性病患病情况、与结核病患者密切接触情况、HIV/AIDS确诊时长、抗病毒治疗时长、合并其他感染情况、近期CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数（CD4）等。通过结核菌素皮肤试验（TST）对研究对象进行LTBI筛查，根据TST结果将546例HIV/AIDS患者分为非LTBI组（TST阴性413例）和LTBI组（TST阳性133例）。比较两组患者的一般资料，采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨HIV/AIDS患者发生LTBI的影响因素，并利用R软件建立限制性立方样条模型拟合CD4与LTBI风险之间的量效关系。 结果 银川市市区内HIV/AIDS患者的TST阳性率为24.4%。已婚〔OR=0.544，95%CI（0.321，0.922），P<0.05〕是HIV/AIDS患者发生LTBI的保护因素；吸烟〔OR=1.919，95%CI（1.213，3.037），P<0.05〕、与结核病患者有过密切接触〔OR=11.100，95%CI（2.889，42.648），P<0.05〕是HIV/AIDS患者发生LTBI的危险因素。限制性立方样条模型拟合结果显示，HIV/AIDS患者的CD4与LTBI风险呈近似"n"形的非线性关系（非线性检验χ2=29.080，P<0.001）。 结论 应重点关注HIV/AIDS患者中未婚、吸烟、与结核病患者有过密切接触人群LTBI的发生情况，并及时进行预防性治疗；对于CD4较低的患者，建议采用多种方法进行LTBI筛查。     

Isoniazid resistance in patients with Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis using line probe assay in a private multispecialty hospital in Bangalore,India

We aimed to study the rate of isoniazid (INH) resistance in Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis samples from a private care setting.A Line probe assay was performed on 74 culture isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or directly on extrapulmonary samples received in our laboratory from 2018 to 2021.The INH mono-resistance among these extrapulmonary samples was 6.7%. (5 among 74) (95% CI: 1.04%–12.48%) Resistance to rifampicin was not detected.Increasing the availability and leveraging public private partnerships in hospitals for universal testing for INH resistance may increase detection of INH monoresistance in EP-TB and improve the strategy for TB elimination.     

Clinical and radiological characteristics of spinal epidural lipomatosis: A retrospective review of 90 consecutive patients

BackgroundThe epidemiology and clinical characteristics of spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL) have been well-reported in the literature. However, few studies investigated the concomitant spinal pathologies that were present in patients with SEL. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the clinical and radiological characteristics of patients with SEL diagnosed on spinal imaging.MethodsPatients who were diagnosed with SEL on magnetic resonance imaging from January 2018 to October 2020 at our institution were included in the study. Clinical data was collected using a standardized data collection form. SEL was graded using a modified version of the Borré grading system. Factors associated with moderate or severe SEL were determined using multiple logistic regression.ResultsA total of 90 patients were included in the analysis. The mean (±SD) age was 59.3 (±17.1) years, and 62 patients (68.9%) were male. 61 patients (67.8%) had moderate or severe SEL. Most patients were overweight or obese (57 patients, 63.3%). The most common presenting symptoms was back pain (57 patients, 63.3%). SEL was diagnosed incidentally in 42 patients (46.7%). The lumbar spine was the most common site of SEL (35 patients, 38.9%). The most common concomitant spinal pathologies were disc bulge (83 patients, 92.2%) and flavum hypertrophy (60 patients, 66.7%). Moderate or severe SEL was associated with WHO Obesity Class, back pain or radicular leg pain at first presentation, and SEL that was worst at the lumbar or lumbosacral spinal level.ConclusionsModerate or severe SEL were independently associated with WHO Obesity Class, back pain, radicular leg pain, and SEL that was worst at the lumbar or lumbosacral spinal level. Future studies should prospectively evaluate whether weight loss therapy is warranted in patients with SEL.     

长臂单轴椎弓根螺钉在单纯性胸腰椎压缩性骨折复位固定中的应用及对肌肉损伤的影响

目的分析长臂单轴椎弓根螺钉经 Wiltse入路在单纯性胸腰椎压缩性骨折中的应用效果及对肌肉损伤的影响。方法选取自 2018年 1月至 2020年 8月周口市中心医院收治的单纯性胸腰椎压缩性骨折病人 87例，根据复位固定术式不同，分为观察组 38例、对照组 49例，其中观察组采取长臂单轴椎弓根螺钉经 Wiltse入路，对照组采取 AF系统经传统后正中入路。记录两组病人围术期指标、手术前后血清肌肉损伤指标［肌酸激酶( CK)、肌红蛋白( Mb)］变化；采用疼痛视觉模拟评分( VAS)评价病人不同时间节点疼痛水平；经胸腰椎正侧位片检查获取伤椎原始高度( H0)、术前及术后 1周伤椎椎体前缘高度( H1H2)，计算术前、术后 1周伤椎相对高度( H1/H0、H2/H0)及伤椎复位率，并测量矢状位 Cobb角变化；随访 3个月，采用 Oswestry功能障、碍指数( ODI)评价功能障碍情况，并统计手术相关并发症。结果观察组手术时长、术中失血量、术后引流量及首次下床活动时间均明显短于或低于对照组( P<0.05)。术后 3d，两组血清 CK、Mb水平均较术前升高( P<0.05)，且观察组血清 CK、Mb水平     

Machine learning in clinical diagnosis,prognostication, and management of acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI): A systematic review

BackgroundMachine learning has been applied to improve diagnosis and prognostication of acute traumatic spinal cord injury. We investigate potential for clinical integration of machine learning in this patient population to navigate variability in injury and recovery.Materials and methodsWe performed a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines through PubMed database to identify studies that use machine learning algorithms for clinical application toward improvements in diagnosis, management, and predictive modeling.ResultsOf the 132 records identified, a total of 13 articles met inclusion criteria and were included in final analysis. Of the 13 articles, 5 focused on diagnostic accuracy and 8 were related to prognostication or management of traumatic spinal cord injury. Across studies, 1983 patients with spinal cord injury were evaluated with most classifying as ASIA C or D. Retrospective designs were used in 10 of 13 studies and 3 were prospective. Studies focused on MRI evaluation and segmentation for diagnostic accuracy and prognostication, investigation of mean arterial pressure in acute care and intraoperative settings, prediction of ambulatory and functional ability, chronic complication prevention, and psychological quality of life assessments. Decision tree, random forests (RF), support vector machines (SVM), hierarchical cluster tree analysis (HCTA), artificial neural networks (ANN), convolutional neural networks (CNN) machine learning subtypes were used.ConclusionsMachine learning represents a platform technology with clinical application in traumatic spinal cord injury diagnosis, prognostication, management, rehabilitation, and risk prevention of chronic complications and mental illness. SVM models showed improved accuracy when compared to other ML subtypes surveyed. Inherent variability across patients with SCI offers unique opportunity for ML and personalized medicine to drive desired outcomes and assess risks in this patient population.     

Performance evaluation of newly developed fluorescence immunoassay-based interferon-gamma release assay for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers

The ichroma? IGRA-TB (Boditech Med Inc., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea) is an automated fluorescent immunoassay-based point-of-care interferon-gamma release assay for detecting latent tuberculosis infection. We evaluated this assay with 408 health care workers, and demonstrated its acceptable performances comparing to QuantiFERON-TB Gold-Plus (QFT-Plus; Qiagen, Germantown, MD).