Formation of vasculogenic mimicry in bone metastasis of prostate cancer: Correlation with cell apoptosis and senescence regulation pathways

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) has been found in prostate cancer (PCa) as an independent marker of poor prognosis. To investigate the correlation between VM and bone metastasis in PCa, a total of 80 cases were analyzed by CD31 and PAS dual-staining as well as the follow-up data. All cases were divided into two groups: VM-positive and VM-negative (VM-pos/VM-neg). Immunohistochemical staining for investigating the expression of Casepase-3, Bcl-2/Bax, and SA-β-gal was performed. 28 of the 80 PCa cases exhibited VM structure (35.0%). The incidence of bone metastasis in the VM-pos and VM-neg was 67.9% (19/28) and 38.5% (20/52), respectively. The positive rate of Casepase-3 and Bcl-2 expression was significantly different of the two groups (Caspases-3: VM-pos 71.4%, 20/28 vs VM-neg 42.3%, 22/52; Bcl-2: VM-pos 35.7%, 10/28 vs VM-neg 65.4%, 34/52). Bcl-2/Bax ratio of the VM-pos (0.71 ± 0.22) was lower than that of the VM-pos (0.89 ± 0.13). In addition, a higher frequency of SA-β-gal was detected in VM-pos (64.29 ± 86.42) than in VM-neg (25.37 ± 72.21). Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PCa with VM has the tendency to develop bone metastasis. Activations of cell apoptosis and senescence regulation pathways may play important roles in the formation process of VM structure.     

宫颈癌组织中PTEN和COX-2的表达与侵袭转移的关系

目的探讨宫颈癌组织中PTEN和COX-2的表达与侵袭转移的关系。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测68例宫颈癌组织中PTEN和COX-2的表达情况。结果 PTEN在宫颈癌组织中阳性表达率明显低于正常宫颈组织,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,且与淋巴结转移显著相关（P〈0.05）;而COX-2阳性表达率显著高于正常宫颈组织（P〈0.01）,与淋巴结转移显著相关（P〈0.05）;在癌组织中PTEN和COX-2表达呈负相关。结论PTEN和COX-2的异常表达与宫颈癌的发生、发展及淋巴结转移密切相关,两者共同参与了宫颈癌发生和侵袭转移。     

超声、增强CT诊断甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移比较的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析对超声和增强CT（CECT）诊断甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移的临床价值进行评价。方法在美国生物医学数据库、荷兰医学文摘、Cochrance协作网和中国生物医学文献数据库中检索1995年1月-2012年12月以病理结果为金标准的关于超声、CECT诊断甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移的中英文文献,对纳入文献进行质量评价。采用Meta—Disc 1．4软件计算出汇总敏感度和特异度及95％可信区间,并绘制ROC曲线,得出Q^＊值,进行X检验。结果共17篇（1682例）文献被纳入。超声、CECT的合并敏感度和合并特异度分别为0．62、0．61和0．92、0．86。二者的ROC曲线下面积分别为0．84、0．82,二者Q^＊值（0．7718和0．7561）差异无统计学意义（P=0．78）。结论诊断甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移,超声与CECT诊断价值相当,但超声的特异度高于CECT。     

LASS2／TMSG-1基因与肿瘤转移关系的研究进展

人源性长寿保障基因2（homo sapiens longevity assurance homologue 2,LASS2）是一个与酵母长寿保障基因l（10ngevity assurance gene1,LAG1）高度同源的人类基因,又被称为肿瘤转移抑制相关基因1（tumor metastasis suppressor gene-1,TMSG-1）。目前研究发现LASS2／TMSG-1与神经酰胺合成密切相关,同时其与V-ATPase质子泵的相互作用被认为是抑制肿瘤转移的机制之一,多种肿瘤的转移都与此基因的表达相关。     

p53突变在三阴性乳腺癌转移中的作用及机制

三阴性[雌激素（estrogen receptor,ER）、孕激素受体（progesterone receptor,PR）与人表皮生长因子受体-2（human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER-2）均为阴性]乳腺癌（triple negative breast cancer,TNBC）是一个具有特殊生物学行为及临床特征的乳腺癌亚型,而转移是其发病和致死的最主要原因。最近的研究表明,在TNBC中,高频率的p53突变能使p63转录活性丧失,此外,Shar p1作为p53突变/p63调节的主要基因之一,它抑制乳腺癌转移的功能亦丧失,而Shar p1之所以能抑制TNBC的浸润性转移,是因为Sharp1是促进缺氧诱导因子（hypoxia-inducible factor,HIF）降解以及减弱HIF诱导癌细胞恶变的重要因子,从而促进TNBC的转移。所以本文通过在中国知网、Pubmed和Highw ire上检索并研究近100篇文献的基础上,就p53突变通过p63/Shar p1/HIF信号通路促进TNBC转移的作用及机制做一综述。     

乳腺癌中PKCζ、MMP-2、MMP-9的表达及相关性

目的：探讨乳腺癌中蛋白激酶C灼(protein kinase C灼, PKC灼)、基质金属蛋白酶-2( matrix metalloproteinase-2, MMP-2)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9, MMP-9)的表达及三者与其侵袭、转移的关系。方法应用免疫组化PV 9000两步法检测PKC灼、MMP-2、MMP-9在100例乳腺癌组织及对应癌旁正常乳腺组织中的表达,并分析三者表达的相关性。应用RNAi技术将合成的PKC灼-siRNA转染入乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中,即siPKC灼/MDA-MB-231细胞组,以转染空载质粒的scr/MDA-MB-231的细胞组作为对照组,应用Transwell侵袭实验检测细胞的体外侵袭能力。利用Western blot法检测转染细胞中PKC灼蛋白的表达。酶联免疫吸附实验( enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测培养基中MMP-2、MMP-9的含量。结果 PKC灼、MMP-2、MMP-9在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的阳性率分别为62.5%、37.5%、32.5%,明显高于乳腺导管内癌和癌旁正常乳腺组织(P均<0.05)。 PKC灼蛋白表达与淋巴结转移、远处转移有关(P均<0.01),与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、临床分期、ER、PR等无关( P均>0.05);转染 siRNA的 siPKC灼/MDA-MB-231细胞组与 scr/MDA-MB-231组相比,体外侵袭能力以及PKC灼蛋白的表达水平明显下降(P均<0.05),培养基中MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达量亦明显下降(P均<0.05)。结论 PKC灼通过影响乳腺癌细胞中MMP-2、MMP-9的分泌来促进乳腺癌的侵袭、转移。     

子宫颈鳞状细胞癌中Wnt-1和β-catenin的表达及其与转移的关系

目的：探讨Wnt-1、β-catenin蛋白在子宫颈鳞状细胞癌( cervical squamous cell carcinoma, CSCC)中的表达及其与侵袭转移的关系。方法采用免疫组化EliVision法检测78例CSCC组织和30例正常子宫颈组织中Wnt-1、β-catenin蛋白表达。结果在正常子宫颈组织中,Wnt-1、β-catenin蛋白的阳性率分别为20.0%和10.0%;CSCC组织中,Wnt-1、β-catenin蛋白的阳性率分别为56.4%和74.4%,二组差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。33例CSCC淋巴结转移中Wnt-1、β-catenin蛋白的阳性率分别为72.7%和90.9%;45例CSCC无淋巴结转移中Wnt-1、β-catenin蛋白的阳性率分别为44.4%和62.2%。 Wnt-1、β-catenin蛋白表达与CSCC的分化程度( P <0.05)、浸润深度及 FIGO 分期均有关( P <0.05),与患者年龄、肿瘤大小等均无关。Spearman相关性分析显示：Wnt-1与β-catenin蛋白表达呈正相关关系(rs =0.490,P<0.001)。结论 Wnt-1、β-catenin蛋白的表达异常可能参与CSCC的发生、发展及转移,Wnt-1、β-catenin蛋白均可作为预测CSCC侵袭、转移的潜能及临床预后的指标。     

High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for recurrent primary mediastinal malignant germ cell tumor: A case report

A 15‐yr‐old boy presented with an anterior mediastinal mass, multiple lung metastases and obstruction of the left brachiocephalic vein, the superior vena cava and the subclavian vein. Tumor biopsy by CT guidance confirmed a diagnosis of GCT. Five courses of BEP therapy were performed, and CT of the chest revealed reduction in the anterior mediastinal mass and disappearance of the multiple lung metastases. We performed the anterior mediastinal mass extraction followed by adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of ICE and TIP. However, the AFP levels became elevated soon after. Abnormal accumulation was observed in the right upper lung by DW‐MRI. After the operation, two courses of TI chemotherapy and two courses of HDCT followed by auto‐PBSCT were performed. He was complicated with auditory disorder and renal dysfunction. Although HDCT followed by auto‐PBSCT was effective for the relapsed primary mediastinal GCT, a treatment strategy avoiding late complications is warranted.     

Metastatic Tumors to the Gingiva and the Presence of Teeth as a Contributing Factor: A Literature Analysis

Background: Gingiva that is prone to inflammation may serve as a pre‐metastatic niche for the attraction of circulating malignant cells. The aim of this study is to analyze cases of metastatic lesions to the gingiva compared with cases metastasizing to other oral mucosal sites. The pathogenesis of gingival metastases is discussed, with emphasis on the role of inflammation. Methods: The English‐language literature between 1916 and 2011 was searched for cases of metastatic lesions to the oral mucosa; only cases metastasizing in the oral mucosa, gingiva, and periodontium were included. Results: Two hundred seven cases were included. The gingiva was the most common site (60.4%), followed by tongue and tonsil. The most common primary sites were lung (24.2%), kidney (13.5%), skin (10.6%), and breast (8.7%). In 27%, the oral lesion was the first sign of a malignant disease. In most cases, the lesion appeared as an exophytic mass (96%) diagnosed clinically as a reactive gingival lesion. The presence of teeth was significantly associated with the development of gingival metastases: in 108 of 125 gingival metastases, the lesion was found adjacent to teeth (P <0.001; odds ratio = 8.2). The average life expectancy after diagnosis of the metastasis was 3.7 months. Conclusions: The gingiva is the most common site for metastases to oral soft tissues, with strong association with the presence of teeth. This finding may be related to the role of inflammation in the attraction of metastatic cells to chronically inflamed gingiva.