Tick saliva increases production of three chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, a histamine‐releasing cytokine

The effect of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva on the production of various cytokines and chemokines by mouse splenocytes was tested by a cytokine array. We demonstrated a strong upregulation of three chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), thymus‐derived chemotactic agent 3 (TCA‐3) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP‐2). MCP‐1 could be induced by tick saliva itself. While TCA‐3 and MIP‐2 are engaged in Th2 polarization of the host immune response associated with tick feeding, MCP‐1 may act as a histamine release factor, increasing blood flow into the feeding lesion thus facilitating tick engorgement in the late, rapid feeding phase.     

Expression of Th1 markers by lung accumulated T cells in pulmonary sarcoidosis

OBJECTIVES: The balance between Th1 and Th2 T cells, classified by virtue of their cytokine production can in an immune response influence the phenotype and progression of several clinical diseases. In this study, we examined the expression of Th1 associated chemokine and cytokine receptors CXCR3, CCR5, and interleukin (IL)-12R, IL-18R, respectively, as well as of the Th2 associated chemokine receptors CCR4 and CXCR4 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. SUBJECTS: Eighteen patients with untreated pulmonary sarcoidosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry to analyse the expression of chemokine receptors CXCR3, CXCR4, CCR4 CCR5 and cytokine receptors IL-12R, IL-18R in combination with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 mAbs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from sarcoidosis patients. RESULTS: There were significantly more BAL CD4+ T cells expressing CXCR3, CCR5, IL-12R and IL-18R compared with paired PBL CD4+ T cells. In contrast, the Th2 associated chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR4 were expressed by a fewer percentage of BAL CD4+ compared with PBL CD4+ T cells. There was a positive correlation between the percentage of BAL lymphocytes and the number of CXCR3 and CCR5 expressing CD4+ BAL T cells. Also, the number of CD4+ IL-18R+ BAL fluid cells correlated negatively with disease duration. CONCLUSIONS: The lung accumulation of CXCR3, CCR5, IL-12R and IL-18R expressing T cells is in line with previous reports showing elevated levels in the lung of the corresponding ligands in sarcodosis. Blocking such ligands and/or receptors may develop into a future immunomodulatory therapy.     

Tetracyclines and Chemically Modified Tetracycline-3 (CMT-3) Modulate Cytokine Secretion by Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Whole Blood

In addition to their bacteriostatic effect, tetracyclines, which are often used in the treatment of periodontitis, also present anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we investigated the effects of tetracycline (TC), doxycycline (doxy), and chemically modified tetracycline-3 (CMT-3) on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in an ex vivo human whole blood (WB) model stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). WB samples obtained from three periodontitis patients and six healthy subjects were stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS in the absence and presence of TC, doxy, or CMT-3. The secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), MMP-8, and MMP-9 by the WB samples was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. P. gingivalis LPS significantly increased the secretion of all cytokines and MMPs tested. While we observed inter-patient variations, TC, doxy, and CMT-3 caused reductions of LPS-induced cytokine secretion to various degrees. TC, doxy, and CMT-3 had no significant effect on MMP-8 and MMP-9 secretion by LPS-stimulated WB samples. In conclusion, we used a human WB model that takes into consideration relevant in vivo immune cell interactions in the presence of plasma proteins to show that TC, doxy, and CMT-3 can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. This property may contribute to the clinically proven benefits of these molecules in the treatment of periodontitis and other chronic inflammatory diseases.     

Phenotype for activated tissue macrophages in histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis

Macrophage polarization is divided into M1 and M2 type based on membrane receptors, cytokines, and chemokines. M1 expresses CD80, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and chemokine receptor (CCR)7, while M2 expresses CD163, IL10, and chemokine ligand (CCL)22. The aim of the present study was to identify the properties of infiltrating tissue macrophages in histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (HNL). Twenty patients with HNL were studied, and immunohistochemistry for CD68 (KP1), CD163, CCL22, CCR7, and CD123 was done, along with myeloperoxidase (MPO). To evaluate the phenotypes of tissue macrophages in HNL, the number of cells stained positively for CD163, CCL22, CCR7, CD123 and MPO concurrently with CD68 was counted, and the ratio was calculated for each antibody to CD68+ cells. There was a high rate of co-expression for CD163 (median, 78%) or CCL22 (80%) and a low rate for CCR7 (5%) in CD68+ cells. It is therefore conceivable that infiltration by M2 macrophages is dominant in HNL. Furthermore, some CD68+ tissue macrophages in HNL co-express MPO or CD123 (range, 5–80%; median, 23% and 40%, respectively). It is suggested that these characteristic tissue macrophages may be associated with the pathogenesis of HNL and that M2 macrophages may infiltrate to repair the lymphoid tissue injured by cytotoxic T cells in HNL.     

自制旋转持续静脉输液装置在大鼠同种异体小肠移植排斥模型构建中的应用*☆

背景：构建大鼠小肠移植模型是研究小肠移植排斥反应的重要基础,实验中对动物无法进行长期持续的静脉输液成为延误实验顺利开展的最大障碍。 目的：将自制旋转持续静脉输液装置与大鼠异位小肠移植模型相结合,验证输液装置的可靠性和动物模型的稳定性。 设计、时间及地点：随机区组,对照观察实验,于2008-03/06在解放军第四军医大学西京医院消化病研究所全军医学重点实验室完成。 材料：选用健康雄性近交系F344/NCrl BR大鼠48只为供体,LEW/Crl 大鼠48只为受体,建立同种异体节段性异位小肠移植模型。 方法：将移植后的大鼠以随机化完全区组设计分为3组(n=16)：对照组、输液组和他克莫司治疗组。对照组大鼠仅行小肠移植,移植前后不做持续静脉输液。输液组大鼠给予持续输注肠外营养液。他克莫司治疗组持续输注肠外营养液+静脉注射他克莫司0.5 mg/(kg•d)。 主要观察指标：移植后观察移植大鼠的一般状况和存活时间,并于移植后3,5,7 d 分别取各组大鼠移植肠标本(n=3)进行组织病理学检查,每组剩余的大鼠作存活时间观察,观察期限为5周。 结果：对照组大鼠平均存活时间为(5.4±1.7) d,手术成功率56.3%。采用旋转输液装置的输液组和他克莫司治疗组大鼠手术成功率为90.6%,与对照组比较,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。输液组大鼠平均存活(7.2±2.8) d,最终全部死于急性排斥反应。他克莫司治疗组剩余大鼠的输液时间> 30 d,存活时间超过5周,与对照组和输液组比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。对照组和输液组大鼠术后3,5,7 d移植肠组织病理学检查分别符合轻、中、重度排斥反应。他克莫司治疗组大鼠术后3,5,7 d未见明显排斥反应征象。 结论：旋转持续静脉输液装置制作简单,固定安全可靠,能成功地为研究大鼠连续输液30 d以上,与异位小肠移植模型联合应用,能建立稳定可靠的排斥反应模型。     

CCL7在口腔白斑及鳞癌中的表达

目的检测白斑、口腔鳞状细胞癌中趋化因子CCL7的表达情况。方法采用免疫组化技术检测18例白斑、35例口腔鳞状细胞癌及11例正常口腔黏膜中趋化因子CCL7的表达。应用SPSS软件对实验结果进行卡方检验。结果口腔白斑和口腔鳞癌病变组织中CCL7的表达率分别为33.3%（6/18）、77.1%（27/35）。结论 CCL7在异常增生型白斑及口腔鳞癌中的高表达,其表达水平与白斑恶变及鳞癌的侵袭与淋巴结转移有关。     

自然流产母胎界面嗜酸粒细胞趋化因子、T淋巴细胞激活上调性表达分泌因子S及其受体的表达

目的探讨嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子(Eotaxin)/CCR3、T淋巴细胞激活上调性表达分泌因子S(RANTES)/CCR5在正常妊娠免疫耐受及自然流产中的作用。方法采集20例自然流产患者(AP组)和20例正常早孕妇女(NP组)的蜕膜和绒毛组织;采用免疫组织化学方法检测蜕膜和绒毛组织Eotaxin/CCR3、RANTES/CCR5的表达,并进行线性相关分析。结果 NP组蜕膜、绒毛组织Eotaxin的表达阳性率分别为75%和80%,显著高于AP组的35%和30%(P=0.011,P=0.001);NP组阳性表达强度亦显著高于AP组(P=0.003,P=0.002)。NP组蜕膜、绒毛组织RANTES的表达阳性率分别为40%和45%,显著低于AP组的80%和85%(P=0.01,P=0.008),NP组阳性表达强度亦显著低于AP组(P=0.002,P=0.002)。两组蜕膜、绒毛组织CCR5的表达阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但AP组阳性表达强度显著高于NP组(P=0.018,P=0.029)。两组CCR3的表达阳性率及阳性表达强度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在NP组中,蜕膜、绒毛RANTE...     

MCP-1参与缬沙坦对阿霉素心脏毒性的预保护作用

目的　探讨阿霉素诱导SD大鼠心肌损伤模型中单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）蛋白表达及其潜在的干预机制。方法　选择8周龄雄性SPF级SD大鼠30只,按照随机数字表法分为3组：对照组（Con组,生理盐水灌胃＋腹腔注射）、阿霉素组（Dox组,1.25 mL/kg阿霉素腹腔注射+2 mL/kg生理盐水灌胃）及缬沙坦+阿霉素组（Val+Dox组,1.25 mL/kg阿霉素腹腔注射+2 mL/kg缬沙坦灌胃）各10只,连续干预6周。10周时超声心动图检测心功能变化,留取大鼠心肌组织,电镜观察心肌超微结构变化,采用蛋白芯片技术检测各组血清MCP-1、调节激活正常T细胞表达和分泌因子（RANTES）及次级淋巴组织趋化因子（6Ckine）蛋白含量,采用Western blot检测各组心肌组织MCP-1蛋白表达。结果　超声结果显示,与Con组相比,Dox组和Val+Dox组左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心室短轴缩短率（LVFS）明显降低,左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）、左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）明显升高（P＜0.05）。与Dox组相比,Val+Dox组LVEF、LVFS明显升高,LVESD、LVEDD明显降低（P＜0.05）。电镜下可见Con组心肌细胞结构清晰;Dox组心肌结构模糊,心肌溶解,可见自噬小体;Val+Dox组心肌结构模糊不清,线粒体体积增大、大小不等,但结构完整。与Con组相比,Dox组血清MCP-1、RANTES、6Ckine蛋白分别上调1.87倍、1.40倍和1.26倍（P＜0.05）。Western blot结果显示,Dox组与Con组相比,心肌组织MCP-1蛋白表达显著升高（P＜0.05）;Val+Dox组与Dox组相比,心肌组织MCP-1蛋白表达显著降低（P＜0.05）。结论　MCP-1蛋白可能参与阿霉素诱导的心肌损伤,缬沙坦可能通过下调MCP-1蛋白表达减轻心肌损伤。     

不同正畸力值对哺乳期大鼠正畸牙周组织中HO-1 CC类趋化因子受体1及其配体的影响

目的 探讨不同正畸力值对哺乳期大鼠正畸牙周组织中血红素氧合酶(HO-1)、CC类趋化因子受体1及其配体的影响。方法 选择3月龄Wistar大鼠126只制备哺乳期大鼠模型,成功制备72只,按随机数字表法分为0N组、0.29N组、0.49N组及0.98N组,每组18只。每组依次给予0N、0.29N、0.49N及0.98N的正畸力,比较干预前1天及干预第1、3、7 天后4组大鼠的CC趋化因子受体1(CCR1)及其配体(CCL3、CCL5)mRNA相对表达量、HO-1表达及抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)破骨细胞染色阳性面积。结果 干预第1、3天,0.29 N组、0.49 N组及0.98 N组CCR1、CCR3和CCL5 mRNA表达水平及破骨细胞染色阳性面积较0N组均明显增加(P<0.05),0.49N组及0.98N组上述指标水平较0.29N组均明显增加(P<0.05),而0.49N组与0.98N组这些指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 正畸干预可通过促进哺乳期大鼠牙周组织中HO-1、CCR1及其配体的表达发挥作用。     

阿德福韦酯与慢性乙肝患者CXC趋化因子表达

慢性乙肝是一种由HBV介导,以肝脏局部多种炎性细胞浸润为特征的慢性感染性疾病。许多炎性细胞、免疫效应细胞在HBV刺激下,一方面分泌产生IL-8、IP-10等趋化因子;同时,自身又可表达相应的受体,如CXCR1、CXCR2、CXCR3等。它们彼此相互作用,构成复杂的趋化因子网络系统,在局部慢性乙肝和全身炎症反应中起重要作用。阿德福韦酯是一种核苷类抗病毒药,属逆转录酶抑制剂,在细胞激酶的作用下,通过磷酸化转化为活性的阿德福韦二磷酸盐,竞争抑制HBVDNA聚合酶活性,发挥抗病毒功能。