硝菔通结方对功能性便秘大鼠结肠组织中VIP及AQP3表达的影响

目的:探讨硝菔通结方对功能性便秘大鼠结肠组织中血管活性肠肽(VIP),水通道蛋白-3(AQP3)表达的影响。方法:成年SD雄性大鼠50只,随机分为正常组、模型组、硝菔通结方高、中、低剂量组(380,190,95 g·kg-1),每组10只。采用复方地芬诺酯(15 mg·kg-1)ig,建立SD大鼠功能性便秘模型,造模成功后各治疗组分别给予不同剂量硝菔通结方ig 3周。观察各组大鼠首粒黑便的排出时间、粪便干湿重变化,免疫组化检测大鼠结肠组织中VIP及AQP3的表达,RT-q PCR进一步检测结肠组织中VIP,AQP3 mRNA的表达水平。结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠粪便量少、质地干硬,首粒黑便排出时间明显延长,大便含水率减少;结肠组织中VIP表达降低,AQP3的表达升高,均具有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。与模型组比较,硝菔通结方各剂量组大鼠粪便量增加,质地稀软,首粒黑便时间缩短,大便含水率增多;结肠组织中VIP mRNA表达明显升高,AQP3 mRNA的表达降低,均具有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:大鼠功能性便秘的发生可能与结肠组织中VIP及AQP3的异常表达有关,硝菔通结方治疗功能性便秘的机制可能是通过调节结肠组织中VIP及AQP3的表达来实现。     

四逆汤加味联合普芦卡必利治疗阳虚型慢性便秘患者

目的:探讨四逆汤加味联合普芦卡必利治疗阳虚型慢性便秘患者的临床疗效,为进一步提高阳虚型慢性便秘的治疗效果,减少药物不良反应提供新的治疗方案。方法:以本院2012年10月-2014年11月收治的278例阳虚型便秘患者作为研究对象,随机分为西药组和中西药结合组,每组各139例。西药组患者采用口服普芦卡必利治疗,中西药结合组采用口服普芦卡必利联合中药汤剂四逆汤加味治疗,两组均持续治疗12周。观察两组患者治疗前后临床症状积分、中医证候积分和结肠传输试验积分变化,并对治疗过程中的不良反应进行比较分析。结果:治疗后两组患者各项症状积分均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),组间比较中西药结合组患者各项临床症状积分及中医临床证候积分均明显低于西药组(P<0.05);结肠传输试验中西药结合组相比西药组其正常患者明显增加,中度患者明显减少(P<0.05);治疗后中西药结合组在肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压、肛门括约肌长度以及持续挤压时间方面的改善均明显优于西药组(P<0.05);治疗后与西药组相比,中西药结合组患者痊愈率明显增加,无效率明显降低(P<0.05);治疗过程中中西药结合组患者不良反应发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05),差异均具有统计学意义。结论:联合四逆汤加味治疗阳虚型慢性便秘能有效提高普芦卡必利对患者临床症状的改善作用,提高临床疗效,并显著减少患者不良反应的发生。     

Effects of Fructo-Oligosaccharide Supplementation on Constipation in Elderly Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

♦ Background:

Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) exhibit soluble-fiber properties that beneficially affect bowel function and relieve constipation. The effects of FOS supplementation on constipation and biochemical parameters were examined in elderly continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients.

♦ Methods:

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was performed in elderly CAPD patients (5 males and 4 females) with chronic constipation. All subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 20 g FOS or placebo daily for 30 days. After a 14-day washout period, the patients were switched to the other substance for 1 more month. Before and after each treatment period, frequency of defecation, characteristics of feces, and colonic transit were evaluated. Biochemical parameters were also assessed.

♦ Results:

Fructo-oligosaccharides significantly increased the frequency of defecation (10.5 ± 2.0 vs 6.2 ± 1.4 times per week, p < 0.005) and changed the feces'' appearance from type 1 (nut-like) to type 4 (sausage–like). The colonic transit determined by geometric center (GC) was augmented after FOS supplementation (3.9 ± 0.3 vs 3.2 ± 0.4, p < 0.05). Fructo-oligosaccharides had no effects on biochemical parameters. Fructo-oligosaccharides caused mild discomforts which were well tolerated after dose adjustment.

♦ Conclusions:

Fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation is effective, well tolerated, and can be an alternative to other laxatives in CAPD patients with constipation. Further studies are needed to better assess the biochemical effects of FOS in the chronic kidney disease population.     

耳穴贴压对改善维持性血液透析患者便秘的效果观察

目的探讨耳穴贴压对改善维持性血液透析患者便秘的效果,为临床护理干预提供借鉴。方法选择我院治疗维持性血液透析患者90例,随机分为观察组和对照组各45例。对照组给予基础治疗和护理,观察组在对照组的基础上增加耳穴(大肠、小肠、直肠、脾、肾、内分泌)贴压护理干预。观察两组患者治疗30 d时的效果。结果两组维持性血液透析患者治疗30 d时的疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),观察组效果明显好于对照组。结论耳穴贴压可明显改善维持性血液透析患者的便秘症状,操作简便安全。     

排便技术训练对功能性便秘患者临床症状及肛管直肠功能的影响

目的：探讨排便技术训练对功能性便秘患者临床症状及肛管直肠功能的影响。方法选取本院2010年3月~2012年2月收治的36例功能性便秘患者作为对照组,给予常规综合干预措施。选取本院2012年3月~2014年2月收治的40例功能性便秘患者作为研究组,在对照组的基础上给排便技术训练方案。比较两组干预前后的肛管直肠压力、直肠感觉功能及排便基本情况。结果研究组干预后的肛管静息压、肛门最大收缩压、用力排便时直肠压力显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组干预后的直肠初始感觉容量、直肠初始便意感觉容量、排便窘迫容量及直肠最大耐受容量显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组干预后的便秘症状评分显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论排便技术训练方案在功能性便秘患者中的应用效果显著,能有效改善患者的直肠肛管受损程度,并促进正常排便,减轻不良症状。     

中西医结合治疗青少年学生功能性便秘临床观察

目的:观察柴胡疏肝散联合聚已二醇4000散剂治疗青少年功能性便秘的疗效。方法:选择近3年在我院门诊就诊并确诊为FC的青少年学生患者62名,随机分为两组,治疗组:柴胡疏肝散日1剂,水煎服100 m L,3次/d,聚已二醇4000散,10 g/次,2次/d;对照组单用聚已二醇4000散,服法同治疗组;两组疗程均为4周。观察两组的排便次数、排便时间、大便性状、排便难易程度,及腹胀等伴随症状。结果:治疗组临床有效率为93.75%,对照组有效率为80%,治疗组的疗效明显优于对照组,两者相比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:柴胡疏肝散联合聚已二醇4000散治疗青少年学生FC疗效明显优于单用聚已二醇4000散的对照组,值得临床推广。     

Economic Burden of Opioid-Induced Constipation Among Long-Term Opioid Users with Noncancer Pain

Background

Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) can be a debilitating side effect of opioid therapy and may result in increased medical costs. The published data on the economic burden of OIC among long-term opioid users are limited.

Objective

To assess the economic burden of OIC in patients with noncancer pain in a managed care population in the United States.

Methods

This retrospective study used 2007–2011 data from the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial and Medicare databases. The study included adults with ≥12 months of insurance enrollment before and after starting long-term (≥90 days) use of opioids. Patients were excluded if they had cancer or a diagnosis of drug abuse or drug dependence during the study period, or if they had constipation or bowel obstruction within 90 days before starting opioid therapy during the study period. OIC was identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition codes for constipation (564.0) or bowel obstruction (560.x) within 12 months of the initiation of an opioid. Patients with OIC were identified in the nonelderly, elderly (age ≥65 years), and long-term care populations. Differences in costs and healthcare resource utilization were calculated using propensity scoring.

Results

A total of 13,808 nonelderly (age, 48.6 ± 10.4 years; female, 50%) and 2958 elderly patients (age, 78.7 ± 8.1 years; female, 70%) met the study inclusion criteria. Of 401 nonelderly and 194 elderly patients with OIC, 85 patients initiated opioid therapy in a long-term care facility (age, 80.7 ± 11.6 years; female, 77%). After matching by key covariates, patients with OIC had significantly more hospital admissions than patients without OIC (nonelderly, 33% vs 22%, respectively; P <.001; elderly, 51% vs 31%, respectively; P <.001) and longer inpatient stays (nonelderly, 3.0 ± 8.4 days vs 1.0 ± 3.0 days, respectively; P <.001; elderly, 5.2 ± 12.2 days vs 2.1 ± 4.0 days, respectively; P <.001). The group with OIC had significantly higher total healthcare costs than the group without OIC in all 3 study cohorts (nonelderly, $23,631 ± $67,209 vs $12,652 ± $19,717, respectively; elderly, $16,923 ± $38,191 vs $11,117 ± $19,525, respectively; long-term care, $16,000 ± $22,897 vs $14,437 ± $25,690, respectively; all P <.05).

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the economic impact of long-term use of opioids among patients with OIC, using real-world data. The findings underscore the significant economic burden associated with long-term opioid use for noncancer pain in a managed care population. Effective therapies for OIC may reduce the associated economic burden and improve quality of life for long-term opioid users.     

Efficacy of methylnaltrexone for the treatment of opiod-induced constipation: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Objective: Constipation is a common adverse effect in patients requiring long-term opioid therapy for pain control. Methylnaltrexone, a quaternary peripheral mu-opioid receptor antagonist, is an effective treatment of opioid induced constipation (OIC) without affecting centrally mediated analgesia. Our objective was to conduct a review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of methylnaltrexone for treatment of OIC, as well as to provide a clinical discussion regarding newly developed alternatives and provide the current treatment algorithm utilized at our institution.

Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials using Cochrane Collaboration Databases and MEDLINE from 2007-present. Literature related to methylnaltrexone, opioids, opioid receptors, opioid antagonists, opioid-induced constipation were reviewed. A meta-analysis was completed with the primary outcome of rescue-free bowel movement (RFBM) within four hours of administration. All pooled analyses were based on random-effects models.

Results: 1239 patients were analyzed; 599 received methylnaltrexone and 640 received placebo. With a 95% CI calculated, the true risk difference is between 0.267 and 0.385, demonstrating a statistically significant difference in RFBM between treatment and placebo groups (p < 0.0001). Both the 0.15 mg/kg, 0.30 mg/kg doses every other day, and 12 mg/day dose were found to have increased risk of RFBM compared to placebo.

Conclusion: Results support the use of methylnaltrexone. Furthermore, the use of methylnaltrexone to induce laxation may decrease use of health care resources, increase work productivity, and improve cost utilization. New treatments have been made available; however, controlled clinical studies are needed to demonstrate long–term efficacy, safety and cost–effectiveness. Possible limitations of this study include the relatively small number of randomized, placebo-controlled trials investigating the efficacy of methylnaltrexone versus placebo. There is also the possibility of publication bias, which may lead to overestimating the efficacy of methylnaltrexone in treating OIC.     

针刺配合走罐治疗老年习惯性便秘临床观察

目的：探寻老年习惯性便秘的非药物治疗的有效方法。方法：将84例患者随机分为治疗组（针刺加走罐）和对照组（口服西药果导片）各42例，走罐隔日1次，针刺和对照组的果导每日1次，观察和比较两组患者便秘的改善情况。结果：治疗组近期临床显效率85．7％，明显优于对照组的59．5％，差异有显著性意义（P〈O．05）。远期（2月）两组疗效比较，临床痊、显率差异有非常显著性意义（P〈O．01）。结论：针刺配合走罐是治疗老年习惯性便秘的有效方法。     

甲状腺功能减退症患者便秘的护理干预研究

目的研究探讨甲状腺功能减退症患者便秘的护理干预措施。方法将86例甲减便秘者随机分为干预组及对照组,干预组给予患者针对饮食、饮水、运动及局部按摩等八个方面进行指导的综合护理干预措施,对照组给予常规护理。干预效果评价的主要指标为最近7 d的排便次数及粪便性状,评价的时间分别为入院时和干预后的第3周。结果干预组患者的排便次数、粪便性状及其他认知、行为方面都有显著改善,与对照组之间的差异有统计学意义,P﹤0.01。结论通过综合的护理干预措施改善甲减患者便秘效果好。