一起副伤寒乙爆发流行的调查报告

1987年3月下旬~7月上旬,衡阳市郊区茶山镇藕塘村第七村民小组、金甲村双托村民小组和东阳乡兴隆村W家村民小组先后发生了以发热、头痛、乏力、多汗、腹泻为主要症状的疾病流行。检验证实为"副伤寒乙"。患者共59例,经隔离治疗,全部治愈。     

Profil épidémiologique de la fièvre typhoïde,Meknès, 2013–2016

IntroductionTwenty million cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever (TF) are observed annually worldwide with more than 200,000 deaths. These fevers occur in areas where hygiene is precarious, mainly in developing countries. The objective of this study was to describe epidemiological patterns of TF in Meknes, Morocco in order to improve preventive measures.MethodsWe conducted a case series study based on data from 2013 to 2016 in the Meknes TF surveillance system. Data collected included socio-demographic variables, place of residence, season, mode of water supply, and food consumed. Diagnosis of TF was confirmed with the Widal test. Data were analyzed with Epi-info version 7 and mapping was done with Qgis version 2.18.1.ResultsThree hundred and twenty-two cases were reported with a male/female sex ratio of 0.9. Average age was 26 ± 20 years. Incidence increased from 13 per 100.000 inhabitants in 2013 to 8 per 100.000 inhabitants in 2016. Two hundred and seventy-nine (87%) cases occurred in urban areas and 174 (54%) cases developed in summer. One death was recorded.ConclusionPublic awareness campaigns on health education for hygiene are needed. Focus should be placed on transmission by food handlers.     

基于发热症状监测系统的甲型副伤寒疾病负担分析

目的 评估云南省玉溪市红塔区2008年5月1日至2009年4月30日甲型副伤寒的流行病学负担.方法 在建立基于全人群的发热症状监测系统基础上,分别调查和测算红塔区发热病例的就诊率,就诊病例采样率,样本检测率,检测方法灵敏度和实验室确诊病例报告率等,根据食源型疾病的疾病负担金字塔模型对当地伤寒、副伤寒的实际发病数进行估算和分析.结果 发热症状监测系统一年内共监测红塔区发热病例6642例,采样并检测6570例,采样率为98.92%,检测率为100%.确诊居住在红塔区的甲型副伤寒阳性病例354例.调查发现发热病例就诊率为73.53%,其中10岁以下儿童就诊率为100%.依据参考文献假定血培养法检测甲型副伤寒的灵敏度为70%,病例网络报告率为90%,经倍数校正后估算红塔区甲型副伤寒年发病数为965例(95%CI:745～2284),年发病率为220.33/10万(95%CI:170.1～521.4),其中发病率最高的年龄组为15～44岁组(318.27/10万).结论 玉溪市红塔区甲型副伤寒处于高流行状态,15～44岁组为高发人群,应采取有针对性的防治措施以减缓甲型副伤寒的高发态势.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the burden of paratyphoid fever A in Hongta district, Yuxi city, Yunnan province from May 1, 2008 to April 30, 2009 so as to provide information for the development of comprehensive intervention measures. Methods Based on the Fever Syndromic Surveillance System, information as attendance rate of patients with fever, rate of patients being sampled, laboratory testing rate, sensitivity on the detection of blood culture and the rate of case reporting etc. were calculated. According to the pyramid model of food-borne disease on disease burden, the local actual incidence of paratyphoid fever A was estimated and analyzed. Results Under the Fever Syndromic Surveillance System, there were 6642 fever cases being detected, among whom 6570 cases were sampled and undergone testing, with the sampling rate as 98.92% and all the samples received laboratory testing. There were 354 positive cases of paratyphoid fever A reported,all from the Hongta district. Data showed that the attendance rate of the feverish patients was 73.53%,with the highest rate seen in whose under 10 years old (100%). Assumed that the sensitivity of paratyphoid fever blood culture was 70%, and the case reporting rate was 90%, we estimated that the annual incidence of paratyphoid fever A in Hongta was 220.33 (95% CI: 170.1-521.4) per 100 thousand, with 965 (95%CI: 745-2284) as new cases. Among all the age groups, the incidence in the age group from 15 to 44 years old was estimated to be at the highest (318.27 per 100 thousand).Conclusion Hongta seemed to be an endemic region for paratyphoid fever A, with the highest incidence occurred in the age group of between 15 and 44 years old. These findings highlighted the urgent need to carry out further investigation on the risk factors and to implement targeted effective prevention and control measures.     

副伤寒甲并发多脏器损害297例临床分析

目的：提高对副伤塞甲并发多脏器损害的认识。方法：对我院2001年1－10月297例副伤寒甲并发多脏器损害患的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：副伤寒甲可并发多脏器损害，依次为中毒性肝炎（64．2％）、心肌损害（35．2％）、肾脏损害（29．8％）、肺部损害（16．7％），少见的还有阑尾炎、全血细胞减少、肠出血、胆囊炎、盆腔炎等并发症。结论：副伤寒甲并发症多，容易误诊，临床上应引起高度重视。     

贵州省1999-2007年伤寒副伤寒流行特征分析

目的了解贵州省伤寒副伤寒发病规律,掌握流行趋势,为制订伤寒副伤寒防治对策提供科学依据。方法对贵州省1999～2007年伤寒副伤寒疫情资料及部分实验室检测资料作描述性流行病学分析。结果1999-2007年共报告伤寒副伤寒103419例,年均发病率30.79/10万,年均病死率0.09%,总体发病呈下降趋势,2007年发病率为全国发病率的4.38倍。报告伤寒病例占73.54%。年均发病率最高地区为黔西南州,其次是贵阳市和安顺市。全年均可发病,5～9月发病占62.30%。男女病例之比为1.28∶1,5～55岁发病占88.31%。农民发病占33.43%,学生占25.53%。伤寒副伤寒暴发疫情423起,报告病例20214例占19.55%,暴发疫情呈逐年减少趋势;暴发地点多在贫困农村、学校和城郊结合部;水型暴发起数占50.57%,食物型18.39%。流行菌型79.87%为甲型副伤寒沙门菌,伤寒19.31%。伤寒沙门菌对奈啶酸、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、庆大霉素、头孢噻吩及四环素等药物的耐药率分别为26.44%、11.49%、8.05%、4.6%、2.3%及1.15%;甲型副伤寒沙门菌对多种抗菌素敏感,对奈啶酸、复方新诺明及头孢噻吩的耐药率分别为93.18%、2.27%及1.62%;丙型副伤寒沙门菌呈多重耐药。结论全省伤寒副伤寒发病率明显降低,部分地区发病率仍较高,伤寒副伤寒沙门菌耐药日益严重,流行形势依然严峻,流行菌型及药敏监测势在必行,采取以切断传播途径为主导的综合控制措施,保证"洁净的饮用水、卫生的食物和有效的健康教育"等最基础和重要的措施落在实处,才能从根本上遏制伤寒副伤寒流行或暴发。     

一起细菌性痢疾流行后伤寒、甲型副伤寒混合暴发的调查

贵州省某市第二中学2004年8月下旬主要在住校学生中发生细菌性痢疾（菌痢）流行，9月在学生中再次出现聚集性发热患者，经流行病学调查和实验室证实为一起伤寒和甲型副伤寒混合暴发。     

78例伤寒、副伤寒临床分析

目的了解近10年广州地区伤寒、副伤寒的流行、临床表现及并发症。方法采用回顾性分析1997～2006年间我院伤寒、副伤寒的住院病例。结果78例病例中，伤寒63例（80-8％），副伤寒15例（19．2％）其中副伤寒甲13例、副伤寒乙2例，副伤寒病例占构成比从1997～2001年的8．3％（3／36）上升至2002～2006年的28．6％（12／42）。男性41例、女性37例，全年均有散发。发热，肝、脾肿大，白细胞正常或减少，嗜酸粒细胞减少是伤寒、副伤寒的主要临床特征，表情淡漠、相对缓脉、玫瑰疹均较少见。常见并发症为中毒性肝炎、心肌炎。血小板减少、肾损害亦不少见。血／骨髓培养阳性率33．3％，肥达反应阳性率82．1％。伤寒、副伤寒对氟喹诺酮类或第二、三代头孢菌素类敏感，平均热退时间（5．3±2．5）d。结论近年伤寒病例所占比例有下降，副伤寒病例所占比例有增加趋势，伤寒、副伤寒多呈不典型临床表现，最常见并发症为中毒性肝炎，血小板减少、肾损害亦不少见。     

Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia

In Jakarta, Indonesia, over 80% of patients with typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever are treated in outpatient settings. In a community-based prospective passive surveillance study, we identified 59 typhoid, 23 paratyphoid fever and 259 non-enteric fever outpatients, all blood culture-confirmed. We compared their symptoms with the aim of developing a clinical prediction rule that may help direct empirical antibiotic treatment to cases with suspected (para)typhoid fever, rather than all febrile patients, or refer patients for additional diagnostic tests. Paratyphoid fever (Salmonella paratyphi A) could not be distinguished clinically from typhoid fever. Decisions on empirical antibiotic treatment and advice on hygiene measures in patients with suspected (para)typhoid fever should take into account chills and absence of cough in the first week of fever and delirium in the second week of illness. This prediction rule increases the likelihood of (para)typhoid fever from 1:10 in the first week to, at most, 2:3 in the second week of a febrile illness. However, we were not able to propose a robust clinical prediction rule that could be used as absolute screening method for decisions on additional diagnostic tests, because of the low sensitivity of presenting symptoms in (para)typhoid fever.     

浙江省1997～2006年伤寒副伤寒流行特征分析

目的分析1997～2006年浙江省伤寒副伤寒流行特征,为伤寒副伤寒防治提供依据。方法将浙江省历年疫情资料录入EXCEL2003中整理数据后用SPSS12.0进行统计分析。结果浙江省1997～2006年伤寒副伤寒发病率呈现以2004年为高峰的单型变化趋势,地区上仍以沿海地区为高发,发病以春季和夏秋季为主,呈明显的季节性,发病人群构成以农民、学生、工人为主,集中在20～40岁年龄组。爆发疫情以水型为主。病例多为甲型副伤寒。伤寒副伤寒沙门菌主要对磺胺（SD）产生耐药,不同型别沙门菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性有所不同。结论伤寒副伤寒发病率虽呈现逐年下降的趋势,但局部仍有爆发,疫情形势仍不容乐观,甲型副伤寒的发病呈上升趋势,应继续加强疫情监测、健康教育、落实改水改厕等综合措施。     

昆明市官渡区2008~2017年伤寒、副伤寒流行特征分析

目的 分析2008~2017年官渡区伤寒、副伤寒流行特征,为制定有效的防控策略提供科学依据。方法 统计“中国疾病预防控制信息系统”中 2008~2017年官渡区伤寒、副伤寒病例数据,对其进行描述流行病学分析。结果 2008~2017年官渡区共报告伤寒、副伤寒1407例,年均发病率为15.92/10万,主要以伤寒为主,伤寒、副伤寒构成比为1.41∶1,发病季节性明显,每年3月份发病开始上升,5~10月份为高发季节,9月份达高峰,11月份开始下降,官渡区伤寒、副伤寒各个街道均有病例报告,关上街道发病居官渡区第1位,金马街道和小板桥街道发病交错排位第2位和第3位。各年龄组均有发病,主要集中于10~40岁组人群,男性发病多于女性,男女之比为1.12∶1。发病人数最多的职业是学生,其次是家务及待业和农民,每年占总发病数的37%~68%。结论 近10年官渡区伤寒、副伤寒发病仍维持较高的发病水平,发病呈散发状态,高危人群为学生、家务及待业、农民,应加强疫情监测。针对性采取综合措施,进一步降低伤寒、副伤寒的发病率。