支气管哮喘患者自我管理能力与病情控制水平相关性研究

目的探讨支气管哮喘患者自我管理能力与病情控制水平的关系,为支气管哮喘患者自我管理教育及有效预防、控制支气管哮喘提供理论依据。方法采用一般资料调查表、哮喘自我管理能力调查问卷于2014年6月15日-2014年11月15日对170例非急性发作期的支气管哮喘患者进行问卷调查,采集病史、症状,并由医生根据患者的日间症状、活动受限情况、夜间症状、每周使用缓解药次数、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、急性发作次数对哮喘控制水平进行分级。结果支气管哮喘患者自我管理能力得分为(77.070±13.891)分;支气管哮喘病人完全控制68例(40.0%),部分控制39例(22.9%),未控制63例(37.1%);支气管哮喘病人自我管理能力与疾病控制水平呈正相关(R=0.843,P0.05),自我管理能力量表各维度与疾病控制水平相关系数由大到小排列依次为用药(R=0.666)就诊(R=0.660)自我监测(R=0.640)避免诱因(R=0.601)症状的识别及处理(R=0.404)。结论随着支气管哮喘病人自我管理能力的提高,疾病控制水平也相应提高。     

品管圈模式提高急诊护士CPR操作能力的效果研究

[目的] 确定品管圈模式是否能有效提高急诊护士的CPR技能。[方法] 采用实验性研究设计,将参加培训的护士随机分成实验组和对照组,实验组护士采用品管圈模式对其进行CPR技能培训,对照组护士采用常规培训方法,并对两组护士进行CPR技能评定。[结果] 实验组护士的CPR技能评分高于对照组护士,差异有统计学意义。[结论] 品管圈模式能有效提高急诊护士的CPR技能,值得推广应用。     

The pathology of lethal exposure to the Riot Control Agents: Towards a forensics-based methodology for determining misuse

The aim of this is to review deaths associated with the use of Riot Control Agents (RCAs) and to assess how the presenting pathologies is such cases may better inform cause of death conclusions upon autopsy. We also sought to present which additional steps should be added to the Minnesota protocol and the European harmonization of medico-legal autopsy rules in suspected cases of deaths associated with the use of RCAs.We included 10 lethal cases in our study. In three cases, RCAs were found to be the sole cause of death, in three cases RCAs were ruled a secondary cause of death due asphyxia or asthma subsequent to exposure to RCAs and in four cases RCAs were contributory factors to death. In three cases the responsible agents were identified as Chloroacetophenone (CN), Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and Oleoresin capsicum (OC) and in the remaining 7 cases, the agent was OC alone.As there are no specific findings in suspected cases of death associated with RCA use, establishing cause of death and whether RCAs are the sole cause or only a contributory factor will be based on the elimination of other possible causes of death. For this reason, a specifically structured autopsy is essential. This specifically structured autopsy should contain basic principles of the Minnesota Protocol and the European harmonization of medico-legal autopsy rules with the following additional steps taken: examination of clothing, eyes, and skin; examination of pharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and eusophegeal mucosas; and a thorough recording of the steps taken by the party conducting the arrest, including other possible causes of in-custody death, as well as a detailed medical history of the deceased.     

Population and forensic genetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA control region variation from six major provinces in the Korean population

We generated complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences from 704 unrelated individuals residing in six major provinces in Korea. In addition to our earlier survey of the distribution of mtDNA haplogroup variation, a total of 560 different haplotypes characterized by 271 polymorphic sites were identified, of which 473 haplotypes were unique. The gene diversity and random match probability were 0.9989 and 0.0025, respectively. According to the pairwise comparison of the 704 control region sequences, the mean number of pairwise differences between individuals was 13.47 ± 6.06. Based on the result of mtDNA control region sequences, pairwise F_ST genetic distances revealed genetic homogeneity of the Korean provinces on a peninsular level, except in samples from Jeju Island. This result indicates there may be a need to formulate a local mtDNA database for Jeju Island, to avoid bias in forensic parameter estimates caused by genetic heterogeneity of the population. Thus, the present data may help not only in personal identification but also in determining maternal lineages to provide an expanded and reliable Korean mtDNA database. These data will be available on the EMPOP database via accession number EMP00661.     

江苏省预防控制血吸虫病中长期规划效果中期评价

目的评价江苏省预防控制血吸虫病中长期规划防治策略和效果。方法采取以控制钉螺、人畜筛查化疗为主的综合性防治策略，实施预防控制血吸虫病中长期规划，纵向观察、评价防治效果。结果2003--2007年全省灭螺覆盖率和人畜化疗比率逐年增加，钉螺面积、感染性钉螺面积及人畜血吸虫感染率逐年下降。灭螺覆盖率与感染性钉螺面积、感染性钉螺环境数、人群感染率、家畜感染率及急性血吸虫病发生率均呈显著负相关（r与感染螺面积=-0．897，P=0．039；r与歙螺环境=-0．937，P=0．019；r与人群感染率=-0．913，P=0．031；r与家畜感染率=-0．991，P=0．001；r与急性血吸虫病=-0．894，P=0．041）；人、畜化疗比率与感染性钉螺面积均呈显著负相关（r人化疗比率=-0．965，P=0．008；r畜化疗比率=-0．921，P=0．027）；经费增加与人、畜感染率呈显著负相关（r经费和人感染率=-0．897，P=0．039；r经费和畜感染率=-0．971，P=0．006）。多元回归分析表明，人、畜感染率与急性血吸虫病发生率及灭螺覆盖率间均有直线关系。结论以控制钉螺、人畜筛查化疗为主的综合性防治策略效果显著；灭螺和化疗是预防控制血吸虫病最直接有效的措施；防治经费的稳定增加是有效控制和消除血吸虫病的基本保证。     

中药药源性疾病的现状及其防治对策

摘 要 近年来,随着中药制剂的不断开发和临床的广泛应用,中药药源性疾病也日益引起人们的重视。本文总结归纳了中药药源性疾病的主要表现、发生原因,并提出相应的控制方法及防治对策,为临床合理用药提供一定理论支持,将对防治中药药源性疾病,降低其发生率和减轻其病变程度都具有十分重要的临床意义和科学价值。     

2014年中国慢性非传染性疾病预防控制能力评估

目的 了解我国慢性非传染性疾病（慢性病）预防控制能力现状。方法 2014年9月至2015年3月通过网络问卷调查全国省、地（市）和县（区）级3 395个CDC和3 000个基层医疗卫生机构,了解慢性病预防控制相关的政策能力、基础配置能力、培训指导能力、合作与参与能力、监测能力、干预与管理能力、评估能力和科研能力。结果 （1）政策能力：23个（71.9%）省级、139个（40.6%）地市级和919个（31.2%）县（区）级政府或卫生行政部门有现行慢性病防控相关规划。（2）基础配置能力：25个（78.1%）省级、136个（39.8%）地市级和529个（18.0%）县（区）级CDC设置了专门承担慢性病防控工作的部门。各级CDC有9 787人从事慢性病防控工作,占CDC总在岗人员的5.0%。68.1%的CDC配置了慢性病防控工作经费。（3）培训指导能力：2 485个（74.9%）CDC举办过慢性病防控相关培训班。2 571个（87.3%）县（区）级CDC对基层医疗卫生机构开展过指导。（4）合作与参与能力：CDC与媒体开展合作的比例最高（42.0%）。（5）监测能力：各级CDC开展死因监测的比例为73.8%;开展各类慢性病及危险因素监测的比例均不到50.0%。基层医疗卫生机构开展新发脑卒中和急性心肌梗死病例报告的比例分别为32.4%和29.9%。（6）干预与管理能力：各级CDC开展高血压和糖尿病患者个体化干预的比例分别为69.1%和68.2%,开展其他各类慢性病及危险因素干预的比例均不到40.0%。超过90.0%的基层医疗卫生机构开展了高血压或糖尿病患者随访管理工作,但高血压和糖尿病患者管理率分别仅为17.4%和13.7%,规范管理率分别为83.7%和80.4%,控制率分别为59.2%和55.2%。（7）评估能力：32.4%的卫生行政部门或CDC对本辖区慢性病应对情况开展了定期评估。（8）科研能力：省级CDC科研能力明显高于地（市）和县（区）。结论 与前两次调查结果相比,各级慢性病防控政策能力呈稳步提高趋势,但总体仍较为薄弱;县（区）级CDC慢性病防控能力与省和地（市）级仍有较大差距,亟待提高;开展慢性病管理工作的基层医疗卫生机构比例较高,但管理效果不佳,与2010年和2012年的调查结果一致。