山西省部分医疗机构医用X射线诊断设备影像质量控制检测结果分析

目的 了解山西省医疗机构医用X射线诊断设备影像质量控制状况。方法 依据国家相关标准,采用X射线机多功能质量检测仪及性能检测工具,对山西省部分医疗机构医用X射线诊断设备进行质量控制检测。结果 医用X射线摄影设备检测项目中单项合格率,除输出量线性94.4%、曝光时间指示的偏离98.6%,有用线束垂直度的偏离95.8%,光野与照射野四边的偏离和光野与照射野中心的偏离分别为77.5%、85.9%,其余检测项目合格率为100%。透视设备除入射体表空气比释动能率典型值合格率为96.7%,其余检测项目合格率为100%。医用X射线诊断设备合格率在不同所管辖机构级别组之间总的来讲差异有显著性（P<0.05）;组间两两比较：省管组与市管组比较、市管组与区县组比较,设备合格率差异无显著性（P>0.0125）,省管组与区县组比较,设备合格率差异有显著性（P<0.0125）。产地不同（进口组与国产组）,设备合格率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 定期的医用X射线影像质量控制检测十分必要。     

福州市透视受检者入射体表剂量率现况与控制措施研究

目的 了解福州市医用常规X射线机透视受检者入射体表空气比释动能率典型值水平,并研究控制措施,保障受检者健康权益。方法 参照《医用常规X射线诊断设备影像质量控制检测规范》（WS 76-2011）对透视受检者入射体表空气比释动能率典型值水平进行调查与评价,并对控制措施结果开展追踪调查。结果 共调查87台X射线影像增强器透视设备,透视受检者入射体表空气比释动能率典型值>25 mGy/min为22台,对其中（市级及以下卫计委管理）17台开展干预。5台经过设备维修,5台采用"高电压、低电流、厚滤过"操作方法,透视受检者入射体表空气比释动能率典型值降为≤ 25 mGy/min。停机4台。待置换新机3台。结论 加强监督管理,开展放射工作人员培训,提高放射卫生防护意识;强化质量控制检测,及时维修或更换透视机;采用"高电压、低电流、厚滤过"等合理操作方法,是控制透视受检者入射体表空气比释动能率典型值的主要措施。     

国家慢性病综合防控示范区建设总体实施现状研究

目的 了解国家慢性病综合防控示范区（示范区）自创建以来各项活动总体开展情况,为进一步开展示范区建设活动提供参考。方法 采用依据实施方案设计的问卷,调查全国参与示范区创建的机构各项目活动开展情况,每个示范区选取8个机构部门共完成12份问卷调查。结果 示范区实施情况实际得分占总分的71.8%。示范区要求开展的7项活动中,百分制得分较高的为监测（88.0%）、保障措施（75.0%）、健康教育和健康促进（75.0%）;得分相对较低的是全民健康生活方式行动（67.7%）、社区诊断（66.7%）、高危人群发现和干预（64.7%）、患者管理（60.9%）。东、中、西三个地区在保障措施、健康教育和健康促进及高危人群发现和干预专项得分的差异有统计学意义。总体来讲,东部示范区实施情况优于中部和西部。示范区慢性病防控工作指标体系中的23项活动开展情况中,百分制得分最高的5项分别为政策保障、死因监测、肿瘤登记、心脑血管事件报告和烟草控制;得分最低的5项为平衡膳食、患者自我管理、口腔卫生、示范创建和基本公共卫生服务均等化。23项活动总体得分结果为东部地区得分高于中部和西部地区,中部和西部地区得分基本一致。结论 国家慢性病示范区创建各项工作总体实施情况良好,高危人群发现和干预,以及患者管理是示范区今后工作重点。     

Dietary program and physical activity impact on biochemical markers in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review

Objectives

Evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of independently or combined dietary and physical activity programs on the blood glucose values and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes, including participants aged 60 years and over.

National bundle care program implementation to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units in Taiwan

Background/purposeThis study investigated the impact of implementing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) bundle care on the rates of VAP in intensive care units (ICUs) in Taiwan.MethodsA total of 10 ICUs (bed number, 170), including surgical (SICUs) (n = 7), cardiovascular/surgical (CV/S-ICUs) (n = 1), and medical ICUs (MICUs) (n = 2) from 10 hospitals (7 medical center hospitals and 3 regional hospitals) were enrolled in this quality-improvement project. This study was divided into the pre-intervention phase (1st January, 2012–31st July, 2013) and the intervention phase (1st August, 2013–31st October, 2014).ResultsAmong the 10 hospitals, the overall rates (cases per 1000 ventilator-days) of VAP declined significantly (p = 0.005; rate ratio, 0.71) from 1.9 in the pre-intervention period to 1.5 in the intervention period. Significant difference in VAP rates between these periods was found in the regional hospitals (from 1.6 to 0.7; p < 0.001) and the SICUs (from 2.1 to 1.4; p < 0.001), but not in the medical centers (2.0 vs. 1.9; p = 0.0667) or CV/S-ICUs (4.5 vs. 4.5; p = 0.5391). However, VAP rate increased significantly (cases per 1000 ventilator-days) in the MICUs between the two periods (from 0.5 to 1.0; p = 0.0489). For the VAP bundle care elements, the overall compliance rate was 87.7% with 83.6% and 97.9% in the medical centers and regional hospitals, respectively.ConclusionsImplementing VAP bundle care has effectively reduced VAP in Taiwanese ICUs, but differences in performance and compliance rates of VAP bundle care among the different ICUs and hospital categories did exist.     

Childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure and executive function in children in the HOME Study

Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been reported to impair executive function in children, but little is known whether childhood PBDE exposures play a role. Using the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective birth cohort in the greater Cincinnati area, we investigated the association between repeated measures of PBDEs during childhood and executive function at 8 years in 208 children and whether effect modification by child sex was present. We used child serum collected at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 years to measure PBDEs. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function was completed by parents to assess executive function at 8 years. We used multiple informant models to examine childhood PBDEs during several exposure windows. Null associations were observed between early childhood PBDEs and executive function. However, we observed significant adverse associations between a 10-fold increase in concurrent concentrations of BDE-28 (β = 4.6, 95% CI 0.5, 8.7) and BDE-153 (β = 4.8, 95% CI 0.8, 8.8) with behavioral regulation. In addition, PBDEs at 8 years were significantly associated with poorer emotional and impulse control. No associations were noted between childhood PBDEs and metacognition or global executive function. However, child sex significantly modified the associations, with significantly poorer executive function among males with higher concurrent BDE-153, and null associations in females. Our study findings suggest that concurrent PBDE exposures during childhood may be associated with poorer executive function, specifically behavior regulation. Males may also be more sensitive to adverse associations of concurrent PBDEs on executive function.     

Preferences for health economics presentations among vaccine policymakers and researchers

PurposeMeasure the preferences of decision makers and researchers associated with the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the recommended format for presenting health economics studies to the ACIP.MethodsWe conducted key informant interviews and an online survey of current ACIP work group members, and current and previous ACIP voting members, liaison representatives, and ex-officio members to understand preferences for health economics presentations. These preferences included the presentation of results and sensitivity analyses, the role of health economics studies in decision making, and strategies to improve guidelines for presenting health economics studies. Best-worst scaling was used to measure the relative value of seven attributes of health economics presentations in vaccine decision making.ResultsThe best-worst scaling survey had a response rate of 51% (n = 93). Results showed that summary results were the most important attribute for decision making (mean importance score: 0.69) and intermediate outcomes and disaggregated results were least important (mean importance score: −0.71). Respondents without previous health economics experience assigned sensitivity analysis lower importance and relationship of the results to other studies higher importance than the experienced group (sensitivity analysis scores: −0.15 vs. 0.15 respectively; relationship of the results: 0.13 vs. −0.12 respectively). Key informant interviews identified areas for improvement to include additional information on the quality of the analysis and increased role for liaisons familiar with health economics.ConclusionAdditional specificity in health economics presentations could allow for more effective presentations of evidence for vaccine decision making.     

Analysis of relationships between polymorphisms in the genes encoding the pentameric complex and neutralization of clinical cytomegalovirus isolates

IntroductionAs congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the major causes of birth defects and developmental abnormalities, it is essential to develop vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against CMV. Clinical trials demonstrated that the subunit vaccine based on glycoprotein B, which had been believed to be the major target for neutralization, did not induce sufficient protective immunity. On the other hand, it has been reported that the immunization of animals with the Pentamer, the pentameric complex of gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131A, induced strong neutralizing antibodies. Here, we sought to clarify whether any polymorphic alterations present in the Pentamer of clinical isolates affect neutralization by anti-Pentamer antibodies.MethodsSequences of the genes encoding the Pentamer components of 25 Japanese clinical isolates were determined. Neutralization of infection by two seropositive sera and by anti-Pentamer serum was measured using a CMV reporter cell line based on ARPE-19.ResultsPolymorphisms of the amino acid sequence of UL128, UL130, and UL131A ORFs were limited and clustered into two major groups. The identified alterations, except UL128 I140T, were mapped outside of the reported regions recognized by neutralizing antibodies. Anti-Pentamer serum neutralized infection with all isolates to a similar degree and had no correlation with the polymorphic groups.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that Pentamer antigens prepared from Merlin Fix strain induce antibodies that neutralize infection with all isolates to a similar level and that anti-Pentamer antibodies neutralize CMV infection better than do human sera, suggesting that vaccines and therapeutic antibodies based on Pentamer as an antigen have some promise.     

Cancer-salient messaging for Human Papillomavirus vaccine uptake: A randomized controlled trial

Background and objectivesVaccination with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is recommended for 11–12 years-old, but uptake is suboptimal. Current messaging focuses on HPV infection transmission and prevention. Parents and providers are often uncomfortable discussing sexual practices of adolescents, contributing to the delay/refusal of vaccine. We created a cervical cancer-salient message encouraging HPV vaccination, emphasizing disease salience and disease threat, while promoting self-efficacy. We hypothesized this message would have greater effects on vaccine confidence and intent to vaccinate compared to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and non-vaccine control messages.MethodsA 3-arm randomized trial was conducted. Parents of girls aged 9–17 were eligible for the study. We measured participants’ vaccine confidence and intent to vaccinate at baseline and post intervention message. Recruitment and surveys were administered online through Amazon Mechanical Turk.Results762 participants completed both surveys. We saw modest increases in vaccine confidence when comparing cervical cancer arm and control arm, and CDC arm and control arm; estimates were not statistically significant. The odds of reporting intent to vaccinate among the cervical cancer message arm were 1.13 times the odds of reporting intent to vaccinate in the control arm (95% CI: 0.30. 4.29). Intent to vaccinate was also not statistically significantly different between CDC message arm and control arm (OR = 1.25, 95%CI: 0.66, 2.37).ConclusionNeither message had effect on intent to vaccinate, highlighting need for research to identify successful messaging strategies for HPV. Exploratory analyses suggest among parents with ‘Low’ vaccine confidence at baseline, the cervical cancer framed message may be more effective in changing intention than the CDC message or non-vaccine control. Future work should target groups with ‘Low’ or ‘Medium’ vaccine confidence at baseline - they may be more amenable to change, and more receptive to disease-salient messaging.Clinical Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, Reference #: NCT03002324.